Molecules and Cells

Korean Society for Molecular and Cellular Biology (한국분자세포생물학회)
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Z-DNA-Containing Long Terminal Repeats of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Families Provide Alternative Promoters for Human Functional Genes

  • Lee, Du Hyeong (Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University) ;
  • Bae, Woo Hyeon (Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University) ;
  • Ha, Hongseok (Division of Life Sciences, Korea University) ;
  • Park, Eun Gyung (Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University) ;
  • Lee, Yun Ju (Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University) ;
  • Kim, Woo Ryung (Department of Integrated Biological Sciences, Pusan National University) ;
  • Kim, Heui-Soo (Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University)
  • Received : 2022.04.11
  • Accepted : 2022.05.31
  • Published : 2022.08.31
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Abstract

Transposable elements (TEs) account for approximately 45% of the human genome. TEs have proliferated randomly and integrated into functional genes during hominoid radiation. They appear as right-handed B-DNA double helices and slightly elongated left-handed Z-DNAs. Human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families are widely distributed in human chromosomes at a ratio of 8%. They contain a 5'-long terminal repeat (LTR)-gag-pol-env-3'-LTR structure. LTRs contain the U3 enhancer and promoter region, transcribed R region, and U5 region. LTRs can influence host gene expression by acting as regulatory elements. In this review, we describe the alternative promoters derived from LTR elements that overlap Z-DNA by comparing Z-hunt and DeepZ data for human functional genes. We also present evidence showing the regulatory activity of LTR elements containing Z-DNA in GSDML. Taken together, the regulatory activity of LTR elements with Z-DNA allows us to understand gene function in relation to various human diseases.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by a two-year research grant from Pusan National University.

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