• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.411-421
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• 2005

This study was carried out to establish rational methodologies for the use of pesticide formulations to be sprayed after water-dilution. Hardness and electric conductivity of six major river water and ground water sampled from 52 sites in major rice-growing areas across the country ranged from 5 to 324 ppm(av. 90 ppm) and from 0.038 to 1.078 dS/m(av. 0.265 dS/m), respectively, which are acceptable for diluent water of pesticides. The pH changes in pesticide spray solutions with time after preparation mainly depended on the pH of the water used for pesticide dilution. The surface tensions of pesticide spray solutions reduced slightly with time after preparation, irrespective of kinds of pesticide formulations. Suspensibility of WPs became worse with an increase in the hardness and salt concentrations of diluent water, even though the degree was negligible. Emulsion stability of ECs became worse with an increase in hardness and salt concentrations of diluent water. Degradation rates of the active ingredients of pesticide spray solutions 3 days after preparation were less than 5%, regardless of mixing or non-mixing of two or more pesticides. Consequently, the spray solutions of most pesticides were usable until two to three days after preparation unless physical properties deteriorated. The tank-mixing order of EC and WP formulations did not make any differences in all the physical properties of pesticide spray solutions. However, the proper order for the tank-mixing of compatible pesticides was WP, WG, SC, EC, and SL, because the order is easy to prepare the pesticide spray solutions. The efficacy of pesticide spray solutions on the respective target pathogens and insect pests of rice plants three days after preparation was recorded over 95% of that of 0 day, which was almost the same as that of the solutions applied punctually after preparation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.170-175
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• 2004

In this paper we studied about Bacillus sp. TBM40-3 producing biosurfactants. The strains were isolated from Taeback Mountain soil and identified as Bacillus sp. by l6S rDNA nucleotides sequence analysis. The TBM40-3 was gram-positive and rod-shaped as observed by field emission scanning microscopy. After the cultivation TBM40-3 in LB broth for 90 h and the surface tension of supernatant was decreased to 29 mN/m. Emulsification activity and stability of crude biosurfactant was measured by using water-immiscible hydrocarbons and oil as substrate. Maximum emulsification activity and stability was obtained from soybean oil. Also, we confirmed that the TBM40-3 producing biosurfactant had an effect on crude oil while showing a superior effect as compared to chemically synthesized surfactants (SDS, Span85, Tween40, Triton X-100). As a result, the Bacillus sp. TBM40-3 producing biosurfactant had potent properties as an emulsifying agent and an emulsion stabilizing agent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.497-504
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• 2008

This study was conducted for the optimization of ingredients in salad dressing using Bokbunja (Rubus coreanum Miquel) juice. The experiment was designed according to the D-optimal design of mixture design, which included 14 experimental points with 4 replicates for three independent variables (Bokbunja juice $15.70\sim47.10%$, oil $23.50\sim39.20%$, vinegar $3.90\sim19.60%$). The compositional and functional properties of the prepared products were measured, and these values were applied to the mathematical models. A canonical form and trace plot showed the influence of each variable on the quality attribute of final mixture product. By the use of F-test, viscosity, color values (L, a, and b), emulsion stability and sensory characteristics (color) were expressed by a linear model, while the color values (L) and sensory characteristics (smell, taste, and overall acceptance) were by a quadratic model. The optimum formulations by numerical and graphical method were analogous: Bokbunja juice, oil and vinegar of 36.02%, 26.48%, and 12.00% by numerical method, respectively; those of 36.00%, 26.44%, and 12.06% by graphical method, respectively.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2009

PLGA microspheres have been known as an injectable system for tissue engineering. The purpose of this study was to investigate the condition of emulsion formation and cell adhesion on the microsphere surface. BSA-loaded PLGA microsphere was fabricated by oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) solvent evaporation method. Sodium alginate was dissolved in water phase to control initial burst release and to improve lag time by PLGA bulk degradation. In addition, the morphology of cells attached on the micro spheres was studied using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cellular proliferation behavior of human disc cells cultivated on PLGA micro spheres was analyzed using a MTT assay. MTT assay revealed that the cells can attach and proliferate on PLGA microspheres. According to these results, we concluded that BSA -loaded alginate/PLGA microspheres can be used as an injectable system for tissue engineering application.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.702-710
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• 2013

Zaltoprofen loaded polyoxalate (POX) microspheres were prepared by an emulsion solvent-evaporation/extraction method like oil-in-water (O/W) for sustained release of zaltoprofen. The influence of several preparation parameters such as fabrication temperature, stirring speed, intensity of the sonication, initial drug ratio, molecular weight ($M_w$) of POX, concentration of POX and concentration of emulsifier has been investigated on the zaltoprofen release profiles. Physicochemical properties and morphology of zaltoprofen loaded POX microspheres were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Through the analyzed results, it was demonstrated that the characteristics of the microspheres greatly affected by the prepared condition. The releases behavior of zaltoprofen was investigated for 10 days in vitro. It was confirmed that the release behavior of zaltoprofen can be controlled by the manufacturing factor of solvent-evaporation/extraction method.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.216-220
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• 2010

Obesity is an important risk factor that significantly increases mortality and disease rates in the cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and various diseases. So far, the most powerful way to inhibit fat absorption is pancreatic lipase inhibitors. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity effect of the extract of Juniperus rigida. Juniperus rigida extract (JRE) had a inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase activity ($IC_{50}$=8.63 ${\mu}g$/ml). In in vivo oil-emulsion loading test, this extract also inhibited the intestinal fat absorption. In addition, we measured inhibitory effects of JRE on activity of phosphodiesterase (PDE) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) among the important enzymes associated with lipolysis. JRE strongly inhibited PDE activity ($IC_{50}$=4.56 ${\mu}g$/ml), whereas inhibitory effect on HSL activity was very weak compared with orlistat. As a result, JRE inhibited the absorption of fat by inhibiting the activity of pancreatic lipase and induced lipolysis through inhibition of PDE activity. Therefore, we suggest that Juniperus rigida may be a potential therapeutic agent improving obesity.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.249-255
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of some soil conditioners, such as polyacrylamide(PAM), polyvinylalcohol(PVA) and Bitumen emulsion, on aggregate formation and stability, wetting angle, sorptivity and penetrability of the soil with different textures : sand, sandy loam, loam and clay loam. A pot experiment was carried out to find out the effect of treatment on the germination and growth of lettuce with three textures : sand, sandy loam and silt loam. Soil aggregates larger than 2mm in untreated soils at dry condition were naught in sand, 45% in sandy loam, 80% in loam and 90% in clay loam. Treatments of soil conditioners tended to increase the occurrence of soil aggregate larger than 2mm, which were 20~25% in sand, 55~75% sandy loam, but not affected greatly aggragate occurence in loam and clay loam. The aggregate instability was decreased by the soil conditioner treatment. The wetting angles of the soils were greatly changed by hydrophobic of Bitumen, but those were changed slightly by PVA and PAM application. The sorptivity and penetrability data indicated that the effects of different materials on these parameters differed depending upon soil texture. Application of PVA and PAM were no effect exceptive in sand. Application of Bitumen revealed that water movement was not showed in all soils. The germination rate, root weight and top plant weight of lettuce were increased in all soils by PAM treatment as compared to untreated soils. Particularly the greater effect was occurred in sand soil than in sandy loam and silt loam. PAM increased greatly the moisture content and air phase of soils.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.2 s.86
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• pp.171-179
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• 2005

This study was investigated on antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of PSW(pomegranate seed water extract), PSE(pomegranate seed ethanol extract) and PSO(pomegranate seed oil). The extraction yields of PSW, PSE and PSO were 28.9, 13.0 and $4.9\%$, respectively. Total phenol contents of PSW, PSE and PSO were 47, 78 mg/g(dry basis) and 40 mg/g, respectively. Electron donating abilities of PSW, PSE and PSO at 1,000 ppm were 18.8, 28.5 and $9.7\%$, respectively. Antioxidative activities in Iinoleic acid substrates at 500 ppm were in order of PSE > $\alpha-tocopherol$ > PSW > PSO. Antioxidative activities in Iinoleic acid emulsion substrates at 200 ppm were in order of $\alpha-tocopherol$l > PSE > PSW > PSO. In antimicrobial activity, PSO showed growth inhibition effect against Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella enteritidis and PSW showed growth inhibition effect against Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli. Whereas antimicrobial activity of PSE was not observed. The nitrite-scavenging abilities of PSW, PSE and PSO at 2,000 ppm were 27.5, 23.7 and $39.6\%$, respectively. And the SOD-like activities of PSW, PSE and PSO at 1,000 ppm were 15.9, 34.9 and $0.10\%$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1996

Three formulations were used to prepare the cellulose-based edible films consisting of hydrocolloid and lipids; film A made by coating method, films B and C by emulsion method, which were formed in a thin layer glass plate and then dried. Films A, B and C were all approximately 0.03 mm thick with 1-3% moisture, 59-68% lipid, and almost whitish color. Film A was better in tensile strength, and lipids affected water vapor permeability on three films, in which films A and B did not differ significantly. Water vapor permeability of film A did not change but those of films B and C decreased significantly after storage for 8 weeks at $-15^{\circ}C$. Oxygen transmission rate and oxygen permeability of films A and C did not differ and changed significantly after 8-week storage at $-15^{\circ}C$. Under scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation on the structural characteristics of each film, film A indicated relatively uniform and smooth surface coatings of beeswax, while films B and C had individual lipid crystals and could be discerned. As a result, film A was better than films B and C in respect of physical properties, but the selection of useful film depended upon which physical property was more functional. Moreover, it was desirable in some cases for using films B and C because of their easiness of preparation and cold storage durability. It will be further needed to investigate how to formulate films B and C to have more unique surface characteristics, and to reduce water vapor and oxygen transmission rates.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.200-203
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• 2008

Obesity has become a worldwide health problem. Orlistat, an inhibitor of pancreatic lipase, is currently approved as an anti-obesity drug. However, gastrointestinal side effects caused by Orlistat may limit its use. In this study the inhibitory activities of dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) against pancreatic lipase in vitro and in vivo were measured to determine its possible use as a natural anti-obesity agent. The inhibitory activities of the 95% ethanol extract of T. officinale and Orlistat were measured using 4-methylumbelliferyl oleate (4-MU oleate) as a substrate at concentrations of 250, 125, 100, 25, 12.5 and $4\;{\mu}g/ml$. To determine pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity in vivo, mice (n=16) were orally administered with com oil emulsion (5 ml/kg) alone or with the 95% ethanol extract of T. officinale (400 mg/kg) following an overnight fast. Plasma triglyceride levels were measured at 0, 90, 180, and 240 min after treatment and incremental areas under the response curves (AUC) were calculated. The 95% ethanol extract of T. officinale and Orlistat, inhibited, porcine pancreatic lipase activity by 86.3% and 95.7% at a concentration of $250\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. T. officinale extract showed dose-dependent inhibition with the $IC_{50}$ of $78.2\;{\mu}g/ml$. A single oral dose of the extract significantly inhibited increases in plasma triglyceride levels at 90 and 180 min and reduced AVC of plasma triglyceride response curve (p<0.05). The results indicate that T. officinale exhibits inhibitory activities against pancreatic lipase in vitro and in vivo. Further studies to elucidate anti-obesity effects of chronic consumption of T. officinale and to identify the active components responsible for inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase are necessary.