• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.13-20
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• 2009

There have been increasing interests in the odor generation problems as concerns about the quality of life has been increased recently. Especially, approximately 67% of the odor complaints from environmental facilities are those from sewage treatment facilities and food waste treatment facilities. Moreover, sewage ocean dumping will be prohibited from 2012 by the international and domestic ocean laws, and thus, demand for alternative management plans is increasing. Therefore, it was first selected 5 sewage treatment facilities and 5 food waste treatment facilities where the amounts of waste are relatively immense in Busan, and collect their sludge samples. Then it was investigated the samples' physical and chemical characteristics through proximate analysis, elemental analysis, XRF analysis, and calorific value analysis. Finally, estimate the $H_2S$ emission rates were estimated in order to apply the results as the basic data for providing the fundamental solution for the oder complaints. As a result, the concentration of $H_2S$ in sewage sludge and in food waste treatment facility were 57.3 mg/kg and 19.7 mg/kg in average, respectively. Finally, the units of $H_2S$ in wastes stored in total 10 waste treatment facilities was estimated 16,017,910.0 mg/d.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.283-295
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• 2017

It is crucial to measure meteorological elements in relation to the biodeterioration of building cultural heritages. The Beopjusa and Seonamsa temples located respectively in Chungbuk and Jeonnam provinces, Korea, exhibit biological damage to the building cultural heritages and cause noticeable climatic differences. To compare biodeterioration environments of the abovementioned temples, 10 meteorological elements were observed, and particulate matter (TSP) was collected at each location. Furthermore, a correlation analysis was conducted between meteorological elements, and between meteorological elements and TSP. The local meteorology at Beopjusa temple characteristically showcased high total horizontal radiation, UV radiation, evaporation, wind speed, and TSP concentration, whereas, that at Seonamsa temple showcased high temperature, humidity, dew point temperature, air pressure, precipitation and number of days with precipitation. An elemental analysis of TSP revealed the presence of sae-salts at Seonamsa temple, and compared to that of Beopjusa temple, the monthly frequencies of biogenic aerosol and Fe-containing particles were higher. The correlation analysis showed that wind speed and humidity were major meteorological factors at Beopjusa and Seonamsa temples, respectively. Subsequently, the characteristics of the local meteorology at Seonamsa temple are expected to affect the biological damage of the building cultural heritages, which is favorable for the growth of various organisms.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.563-574
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• 2007

Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a recently developed analytical technique that is based upon the measurement of emission lines generated by atomic species close to the surface of the sample, thus allowing their chemical detection, identification and quantification. With powerful advantages of LIBS compared to the conventional analytical methodology, this technique can be applied in the detection of heavy metals in the field. LIBS allows the rapid analysis by avoiding laborious chemical steps. LES have already been applied for the determination of element concentration in a wide range of materials in the solid, liquid and gaseous phase with simplicity of the instrument and diversity of the analytical application. These feasibility of rapid multi elemental analysis are appealing proprieties for the in-situ analytical technique in geochemical investigation, exploration and environmental analysis. There remain still some limitations to be solved for LIBS to be applied in soil environment as an in-situ analytical technology. We would like to provide the basic principle related to the plasma formation and laser-induced breakdown of sample materials. In addition, the matrix effect, laser properties and the various factors affecting on the analytical signal of LIBS was dealt with to enhance understanding of LIBS through literature review. Ultimately, it was investigated the feasibility of LIBS application in soil environment monitoring by considering the basic idea to enhance the data quality of LIBS including the calibration method for the various effects on the analytical signal of LIBS.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

Purpose: Plastic optical monomer materials having ultra high refractive index have an income of the whole quantity from advanced nations to domestic companies which are related to plastic optical lens. It is necessary to develop novel plastic optical lens materials in order to overcome a FTA provision and revitalize a stagnating optical lens industry in the interior optical lens industries. The new plastic optical lens materials against the substitution effect of income should be gradually demanded. This work will be synthesized novel super high refractive monomer resin materials of urethane lens series and studied the properties of optical lens using it. Methods: ETS-4 (2-(2-mercaptoethylthio)-3-{2-[3-mercapto-2-(2-mercaptoethylthio)propyl thio]ethylthio}propane -1-thiol), which is optical lens monomer resin having super high refractive index, was synthesized and identified its structure and property by elemental analysis, EI-MS, TGA, FT-IR spectroscopy, $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopies. After mixing evenly from mixed monomer resin and diisocyanate series, it was casting in glass mold. After thermal curing, the obtained optical lenses were measured and compared with the refractive index and Abbe number for studies of their optical properties. Results: We have synthesized the novel ultra high refractive index monomer resin, ETS-4, and have identified its structure and property by elemental analysis, EI-MS, TGA, FT-IR spectroscopy, $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopies. The existence of three isomers for EST-4 was identified by $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopy. The refractive index ($N_d$ at $25^{\circ}C$) of monomer resin in liquid state obtained from the Abbe refractometer was 1.647. The refractive indexes of raw plastic optical lenses prepared from the mixed ETS-4 monomer and diisocyanate series were in the range of 1.656~1.680. Conclusions: Novel super high refractive index plastic optical lens monomer was synthesized and analysed, the optical lenses prepared using it were colorless transparency and excellent properties. It is of utility for the industrialization.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 2009

The solid complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II) and Fe(III) with 4-hydroxy-3-(1-{2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)- amino phenylimino}-ethyl)-6-methy-pyran-2-one (H2L) derived from o-phenylenediamine, 3-acetyl- 6-methyl-(2H) pyran, 2,4 (3H)-dione (dehydroacetic acid or DHA) and salicylic aldehyde have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, conductometry, magnetic susceptibility, UV-visible, IR, $^1H$-NMR spectra, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and screened for antimicrobial activity. The IR spectral data suggest that the ligand behaves as a dibasic tetradentate ligand with ONNO donor atoms sequence towards central metal ion. From the microanalytical data, the stoichiometry of the complexes has been found to be 1:1 (metal: ligand). The physico-chemical data suggests square planar geometry for Cu(II) and Ni(II) complexes and octahedral geometry for Co(II), Mn(II) and Fe(III) complexes. The x-ray differaction data suggests orthorhombic crystal system for Cu(II) complex, monoclinic crystal system for Ni(II), Co(II) and Fe(III) and tetragonal crystal system for Mn(II) complex. Thermal behaviour (TG/DTA) of the complexes was studied and kinetic parameters were determined by Coats-Redfern method. The ligand and their metal complexes were screened for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and fungicidal activity against Aspergillus Niger and Trichoderma.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2006

Ion exchange resin particles should not be found in steam generator(S/G) sludge. The suspicious spherical resin particles observed in S/G sludge sample were characterized for particle size distribution under optical microscope using the micro-technique, for element analysis by the electron probe micro analysis (EPMA), and for molecular identification by the IR spectroscopy. The particle sizes are distributed from 1 to $200{\mu}m$ for the sludge, while 40 to $500{\mu}m$ for the spherical resin particles. The results of the elemental analysis showed different major impurities: Si, Al, Mn, Cr, Ni, Zn and Ti for the sludge particles, while Si, Cu, Zn for the spherical resin particles. However, both particles contain Fe as a matrix of magnetite $(Fe_3O_4)$. IR spectrum of the spherical particles was not quite similar to the IR spectrum of ion exchange resins used in S/G system. These results indicate that the spherical particles are not related to ion exchange resin particles and may be formed by the process of the sludge formation.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.332-340
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• 1998

Tridentate Schiff base ligands, $SIPH_2$, $SIPCH_2$, $HNIPH_2$, and $HNIPCH_2$ were prepared by the reactions of salicylaldehyde and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde with 2-aminophenol and 2-amino-p-cresol. Ni(II) complexes of those ligands were synthesized. The structures and properties of ligands and their complexes were studied by elemental analysis, $^1H$-NMR, IR, UV-visible spectra, and thermogravimetric analysis. The mole ratio of Schiff base to the metal of complexes was found to be 1:1. Ni(II) complexes were contemplated to be hexa-coordinated octahedral configuration containing three water molecules. The redox process of ligands and complexes in DMSO solution containing 0.1 M TBAP as supporting electrolyte was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry with glassy carbon electrode. The redox process of the tridentate Schiff base ligands was totally irreversible. The redox process of Ni(II) complexes were quasi-reversible and diffusion-controlled as one electron by one step process Ni(II)/Ni(I). The reduction potentials of the Ni(II) complexes shifted in the positive direction in the order [$Ni(II)(HNIP)(H_2O)_3$]>[$Ni(II)(SIP)(H_2O)_3$]>[$Ni(II)(SIPC)(H_2O)_3$]>[$Ni(II)(HNIPC)(H_2O)_3$] and their dependence on ligands were not so high. Consequently the [$Ni(II)(HNIPC)(H_2O)_3$] complex among the synthesized Ni(II) complexes was found to be most stable in the DMSO solution.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.975-982
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to offer informations about the current conditions and basic data of stream sediments in Busan city. So we first select 14 urban streams and collect sediment samples. Then, COD, proximate analysis, volatile solid, organic carbon content and elemental analysis were conducted to determine characteristics of the sediments. Results show that COD, volatile solid, Organic carbon content, T-N of sediment are determined in the range of 1.20~75.07 mg/g, 0.19~11.54%, 0.23~34.21% and 0.76~3.46%, respectively. Analysis data of sediments were compared with USEPA sediment quality standards and ontario sediment quality guidelines. As a result, when compared with COD, volatile solid and organic carbon content values, Bosucheon and Gudeokcheon are relatively heavily contaminated than the remainder sampling sites. But when compared with T-N values, all of sites were evaluated as seriously contaminated. Finally, for the determination of the correlations between sediment COD and moisture contents, ash contents, volatile solid, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and total carbon, linear model was fitted to the data using a least-squares algorithm. As a result, Linear model was well fitted to each data with good values of the correlation coefficient (r=0.9664~0.8501).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.293-297
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• 2009

The abuse of methamphetamine (MA) is one of the most serious drug abuses in Asia. And, the prevention of precursor production for abuse drug is one of the most effective drug control system. Isotope ratio analysis at natural abundance levels have been used to establish the environmental source or the geographic origin of various biological and nonbiological materials. Ephedrine, the precursor of MA, is produced by one of three methods; extraction from Ephedra plants, full chemical synthesis or via a semi-synthetic process involving the fermentation of sugar, followed by amination. We investigated the origin of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine based on the carbon and nitrogen values for nineteen pharmaceutical powder materials (PPMs) obtained from pharmaceutical company in Korea by stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry coupled to an elemental analyser (EA-IRMS). The carbon delta values for the ephedrine and pseudoephedrine were -24.21~-22.72 (mean=-23.72) $^{\cir}/_{\circ\circ}$ and -23.79~-22.71 (mean=-23.48) $^{\cir}/_{\circ\circ}$. The nitrogen delta values were 3.51~5.55 (4.43) $^{\cir}/_{\circ\circ}$ and 2.24~8.22 (5.42) $^{\cir}/_{\circ\circ}$. These results indicate that PPMs are semi-synthetic products. Therefore the origins of ephedrine(natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic) could be discriminated by using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios. we are sure tat this stable isotope ratio analysis can discriminate the origins of precursors of methamphetamine.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.350-359
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• 2016

We performed fast pyrolysis of empty fruit bunch (EFB) in the range of temperature from $400{\sim}550^{\circ}C$ and 1.3 s of residence time. The effect of temperature on the yields and physicochemical properties of pyrolytic products were also studied. Elemental and component analysis of EFB showed that the large amount of potassium (ca. 8400 ppm) presents in the feedstock. Thermogravimetric analysis suggested that the potassium in the feedstock catalyzed degradation of cellulose. The yield of bio-oil increased with increasing temperature in the range of temperature from $400{\sim}500^{\circ}C$, while that of gas and biochar decreased and showed monotonous change each with increasing temperature. When the EFB was pyrolyzed at $550^{\circ}C$, the yield of bio-oil and char decreased while that of gas increased. Water content of the bio-oils obtained at different temperatures was 20~30% and their total acid number were less than 100 mg KOH/g oil. Viscosity of the bio-oils was 11 cSt (centistoke), and heating value varied from 15 to 17 MJ/kg. Using GC/MS analysis, 27 chemical compounds which were classified into two groups (cellulose-derived and lignin-derived) were identified. Remarkably the concentration of phenol was approximately 25% based on entire chemical compounds.