• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 1998

Monitoring solute transport has been known to be difficult especially for the unsaturated soil. The object of this study is to investigate the TDR application to monitoring solute concentration in the vadose zone. The TDR calibration test was conducted for soil samples with various water contents and concentrations. The voltage attenuation of electromagnetic wave of TDR was used to estimate the bulk electrical conductivity of a soil. The relationship between the bulk soil electrical conductivity and the solute concentration was assumed to be linear at a constant volumetric soil water content. In this study four proposed relationships were compared using data obtained from KCI solution at three different concentrations. Relationships given by Topp, Daltaon, Yanuka showed the linearity between the bulk soil electrical conductivity and the solute concentration, which were more pronounced than Zegelin's. The three relationships were found to be useful to measure the solute concentration in the vadose zone. In addition, TDR method was proven to be a viable technique in monitoring solute transport through unsaturated soils in transient flow condition.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.461-468
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• 2009

Magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) enables us to perform high-resolution conductivity imaging of an electrically conducting object. Injecting low-frequency current through a pair of surface electrodes, we measure an induced magnetic flux density using an MRI scanner and this requires a sophisticated MR phase imaging method. Applying a conductivity image reconstruction algorithm to measured magnetic flux density data subject to multiple injection currents, we can produce multi-slice cross-sectional conductivity images. When there exists a local region of fat, the well-known chemical shift phenomenon produces misalignments of pixels in MR images. This may result in artifacts in magnetic flux density image and consequently in conductivity image. In this paper, we investigate chemical shift artifact correction in MREIT based on the well-known three-point Dixon technique. The major difference is in the fact that we must focus on the phase image in MREIT. Using three Dixon data sets, we explain how to calculate a magnetic flux density image without chemical shift artifact. We test the correction method through imaging experiments of a cheese phantom and postmortem canine head. Experimental results clearly show that the method effectively eliminates artifacts related with the chemical shift phenomenon in a reconstructed conductivity image.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.115-120
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• 1985

To probe the subclinical mastitis in a herd of cows in Chonnam district, the electrical conductivity(EC) of 825 foremilk samples were measured for 2 years. Normal (n=487) and mastitic(n=110) foremilk samples were classified by the California mastitis test (CMT) and direct somatic cell count(DSCC) and investigated the relations between the changes of the EC value and the calving history, age, days of postpartum, estrus and causative organism isolated. Obtained results are summarized as follows. 1. In the normal foremilk samples, positive correlation, though not significant, was found between the EC value and calving history (r=0.573) and age (r=0.247). 2. In the normal foremilk samples, the EC values were lowered at 30～120 days of postpartum through the whole lactation period and revealed a tendencies to higher values following the day of postpartum increased untill to the drying off (r=0.823), and the days of postpartum was recognized as one of a influencing factor on the EC value(p<0.05). 3. In the mastitic foremilk samples, significant correlation between EC value and resazurin reduction test (RRT) were observed (r=0.904, p<0.05). 4. In the mastitic foremilk samples, EC values were obtained in the E. coli infection as 63.9mM-NaCl, in the Streptococcus spp. infection as 60.5mM-NaCl and in the Staphylococcus spp. infection as 57.0mM-NaCl. 5. At day 0 of estrus, the mean EC values of normal and mastitic foremilk samples were 41.2mM-NaCl and 68.3mM-NaCl respectively and the EC value of day 0 of estrus was higher than that of days before and after estrus.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2003

The object of this study was to compare the microleakage between various composite resin systems of multistep, one-bottle, and self-etching systems using electrical conductivity. After making class V cavities ($4{\times}3{\times}1.5{\;}mm$ around CEJ), they were bulk filled with three kinds of resins of A3. Teeth were storaged in a saline solution for one day, after then, they were finished and polished using Sof-Lex system. Another stress of thermocycling was made for 500 times from $5^{\circ}{\;}to{\;}55^{\circ}C$ with each dwelling time of 10 seconds. Electrical conductivity (microamphere, $\mu\textrm{A}$) was checked four times: before and after cavity preparation, after filing, after thermocycling. One-way ANOVA and 95% Scheffe Post Hoc test was used for checking any statistical difference among groups. Another 95% Paired Samples T-test was also used for estimating any significant difference within group after cavity filling or thermocycling. The results were as follows: 1 Every specimen showed various range of microleakage after filing. There was, however, no difference between composite resin systems. 2. All composite resin systems showed marked increase in microleakage with a thermocycling (p<0.05), there was, however, no difference between composite resin systems. 3. Although there was no significant difference between groups (p=0.078), one-bottle and self-etching systems seemed to be unstable than multistep system. Within the limits of this study, it was concluded that much more consideration should be needed when using thermally unstable one-bottle and self-etching systems that have multi-advantages from simplified step. More studies will be needed to solve these kinds of problems.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.8-15
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• 1999

Electroconductive fiber was obtained by acryl fiber treated with $CuSO_4$. The Properties and structure of fiber and fabric such as mechanical property, electrical conductivity, fine structure, electrification were investigated. The experimental results are as follows 1) The electrical conductivity of the conducting fiber was greatly increased but fine structure and physical properties were similar to acryl fiber 2) Fabric made by mix spinning with conducting fiber was shown great electrification effect. 3) In the mix spinning with conducting fiber, it was necessary to use different. finishing such as milled finish because stiffness of fabric made by mix spinning with conducting fiber was increased and elastic recovery was decreased. 4) The antimicrobial activity of electroconductive fiber blended wool was effective by Cu component for shake flask test.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.31-32
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• 2007

Oil-based nanofluids are prepared by dispersing spherical and fiber-shaped $Al_2O_3$ and AlN nanoparticles in transformer oil. Two hydrophobic surface modification processes are compared in this investigation. It is obvious that the combination of nanoparticle, surfactant and surface modification process is very important for the dispersity of nanofluids. For ($Al_2O_3$+AIN) particles with 1% volume fraction, the enhancement of thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer coefficient is nearly 11% and 30%, respectively, compared to pure transformer oil. The cooling effect of ($Al_2O_3$+AlN)-oil nanofluids on the heating element and oil itself is confirmed by a natural convection test using a prototype transformer.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.742-748
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• 2019

Influence of several experimental parameters (e.g., initial dye concentration, pH, distance between electrodes, applied voltage, electrical conductivity, current density, and reaction time) on the performance of electrocoagulation (EC) process for the removal of acid blue 25 (AB25) was studied. A bipolar batch reactor was used to test the impact of the parameters. The removal efficiency (RE) of AB25 dye was promoted by increasing the contact time, voltage, electrical conductivity, and applied current density. In contrast, RE of AB25 decreased with higher level of AB25 and the longer distance between electrodes. The removal efficiency increased consistently until pH 7, but decreased above pH 7. The maximum efficiency of AB25 removal above 90% was obtained at a voltage of 60 V, reaction time of 90 min, distance between electrodes of 0.5 cm, initial concentration of 25 mg/L, conductivity of 3,000 μS/cm and pH of 7. These results imply that the high RE of AB25 dye from the aqueous solution can be achieved by EC process.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.961-968
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• 2016

The non-uniform distribution of contamination on insulator surface has appreciable effects on flashover voltage, and corresponding researches are valuable for the better selection of outdoor insulation. In this paper, two typical types of porcelain and glass insulators which are widely used in ac lines were taken as the research subjects, and their corrections of AC flashover voltage under non-uniform pollution were studied. Besides, their flashover characteristics under different ratio (T/B) of top to bottom surface salt deposit density (SDD) were investigated, including the analysis of flashover voltage, surface pollution layer conductivity and critical leakage current. Test results gave the modified formulas for predicting flashover voltage of the two samples, which can be directly applied in the transmission line design. Also, the analysis delivered that, the basic reason why the flashover voltage increases with the decrease of T/B, is due to the decrease of equivalent surface conductivity of the whole surface and the decrease of critical leakage current. This research will be of certain value in providing references for outdoor insulation selection, as well as in proposing more information for revealing pollution flashover mechanism.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.587-593
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• 2007

Oil-based nanofluids were prepared by dispersing spherical and fiber shaped $Al_2O_3$ and AlN nanoparticles in transformer oil. Two hydrophobic surface modification processes using oleic acid (OA) and polyoxyethylene alkyl acid ester (PAAE) were compared in this study. The dispersion stability, viscosity and breakdown voltage of the nanofluids were also characterized. $(Al_2O_3+AlN)$ mixed nanofluid was prepared to take an advantage of the excellent thermal conductivity of AlN and a good convective heat transfer property of fiber shaped $Al_2O_3$. For $(Al_2O_3+AlN)$ particles with 1 % volume fraction in oil, the enhancement of thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer coefficient was nearly 11 % and 30 %, respectively, compared to pure transformer oil. The nanofluid, containing $Al_2O_3+AlN$, successfully lowered the temperature of the heating element and oil itself during a natural convection test using a prototype transformer.

• Korean Membrane Journal
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2007

A perovskite-type ($La_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}Ti_{0.2}Fe_{0.8}O_{3-{\delta}}$) dense ceramic membrane was prepared by polymerized complex method, using citric acid as a chelating agent and ethylene glycol as an organic stabilizer. Effect of Ti addition on lanthanum-strontium ferrite mixed conductor was investigated by evaluating the thermal expansion coefficient, the oxygen flux, the electrical conductivity, and the phase stability. The thermal expansion coefficient in air was $21.19\;{\times}\;10^{-6}/K$ at 473 to 1,223 K. At the oxygen partial pressure of 0.21 atm ($20%\;O_2$), the electrical conductivity increased with temperature and then decreased after 973 K. The decrement in electrical conductivity at high temperatures was explained by a loss of the lattice oxygen. The oxygen flux increased with temperature and was $0.17\;mL/cm^2{\cdot}min$ at 1,223 K. From the temperature-dependent oxygen flux data, the activation energy of oxygen ion conduction was calculated and was 80.5 kJ/mol at 1,073 to 1,223 K. Also, the Ti-added lanthanum-strontium ferrite mixed conductor was structurally and chemically stable after 450 hours long-term test at 1,173 K.