• KSBB Journal
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2010

The enhancement of immunity for atopic dermatitis with application of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-loaded liposome was evaluated on NC/Nga mice. The EPA-loaded liposome was coated with thiol-chitosan. The liposomes were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), surface zeta potential & particle size analyzer (Zeta-PSA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The loading efficiency of EPA in the liposome was about 4.7%. The particle size of the EPA-Ioaded liposome was about 230 nm. The values of Immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) were reduced significantly with application of the EPA-loaded liposome. The interferon-$\gamma$ (IFN-$\gamma$) value was increased with the application effect. It is concluded that EPA loaded liposome have immunity advancing effects in mouse model of atopic dermatitis.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.144-155
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• 2024

Objectives: This study evaluated dietary intake and food sources of essential fatty acids in Korean adolescents. Methods: This study was comprised of 3,932 adolescents (9-18 years) who participated in the 2016-2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Dietary intake and food sources of essential fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid (LA) were evaluated using data obtained from one-day 24-hour dietary recall. The proportions of adolescents consuming ALA, EPA + DHA, and LA above or below the adequate intake (AI) of the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans were calculated. All statistical analyses accounted for the complex sampling design effect and appropriate sample weights. Results: The mean intakes of ALA, EPA, DHA, and LA among Korean adolescents were 1.29 g/day, 69.6 mg/day, 166.0 mg/day, and 11.1 g/day, respectively. Boys had higher intakes of all essential fatty acids compared to girls. By age group, adolescents aged 15-18 years showed lower intakes of EPA and DHA compared to adolescents in younger age groups. The 9-11-year-old adolescents had lower intakes of ALA and LA than older adolescents. The proportions of adolescents who consumed more than AI were 35.7% for ALA, 30.4% for EPA + DHA, and 41.5% for LA. Adherence to the AI for ALA did not differ by sex or age group, although boys showed a lower adherence to the AI for EPA + DHA than girls. Major food sources for ALA and LA were plant-based oils, mayonnaise, pork, and eggs. Mackerel was the most significant contributor to EPA and DHA intake (EPA, 22.6%; DHA, 22.2%), followed by laver, squid, and anchovy. Conclusions: The proportion of Korean adolescents who consumed EPA + DHA more than AI was low. Our findings highlight that nutrition education emphasizing an intake of essential fatty acids from healthy food sources is needed among Korean adolescents.

• 한국미생물생명공학회소식지:생물산업
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.54-65
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• 1998

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.75-80
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• 1999

The effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (18:3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6), on brain phospholipid content and fatty acid composition were compared in rats fed with a diet containing constant ratios of saturated fatty acid/monounsaturated fatty acid/polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n-3/n-6. The dietary fat in each diet was added at the level of 10%. In each diet, n-3 PUFA comprised two-thirds of the PUFA and the remaining one-third was linoleic acid (18:2). Dietary fat containing linoleic acid as the sole source of PUFA was also given to the control group. The content of brain phospholipid in the three n-3 PUFA groups was significantly lower than that of the linoleic acid group. This reduction was greater in the EPA and DHA groups than in the ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid group. The decrease in phospholipid content in rats fed n-3 fatty acid-rich diets was largely due to the decrease in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. Each dietary n-3 PUFA was found to affect the fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids; the most pronounced alteration was observed in phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. Furthermore, the proportion of DHA in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction tended to be higher in the DHA group than in other PUFA groups. In conclusion, dietary ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, EPA and DHA can influence the phospholipid content, phospholipid subclass, and fatty acid composition in rat brain.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.68-72
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• 1994

Six brands of encapsulated fishoil products and five fishes were analyzed for their contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA 20 :5 n-3) , docosahexaenoic acid(DHA 22: 6 n-3) and tocopherols. In both of the fish oil products and the fishes, major fatty acids were palmitic acid, oleic acid, eicosapentaeoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and fatty acid compositions were also similar pattern each other. EPA showed variable amounts from 19.2 to 50.3% in the oil products whereas DHA were 13.2% to 28.3% inthe fishes. Tocopherols were studied in relation to the oxidative stability of fish products no relation was observed. However the amount of tocopherols in fish oil proudcts were higher than that of fishes. Contents of EPA, DHA and tocopherols in encapsulated fishoil products oil products were variable comparing with manufactures' claimed contents.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.361-364
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• 2004

은 이온이 불포화 지방산과의 착화합물을 만든다는 이론에 근거하여 은 이온 교환수지(SER)를 제조하였다. 제조한 SER을 비롯하여 silica gel, 질산은 함침 silica gel, 은 이온 제올라이트를 column 충전물로 사용하여 EPA와 DHA를 분리 농축하고 그 결과를 비교 분석하였다. SER과 silica gel의 9 : 1(w/w)혼합물을 충전물로 사용하였을 때 결과가 가장 좋았으며 이 경우 EPA와 DHA는 각각 27.9%와 49.1%로 농축되었고 수율은 각각 86.0%, 87.3%로 나타났다. SER만을 사용한 경우 EPA와 DHA는 각각 23.5%와 42.1%로 농축되었으며 이는 SER과 silica gel의 혼합 충전물 사용 시 보다 다소 낮은 결과이었다. 질산은 함침 silica gel의 경우 다른 충전물과 비교하여 농축율과 수율이 그다지 좋지 않았으나 EPA와 DHA의 분리 측면에서는 가장 우수한 결과를 나타내었다. SER은 재사용이 가능하고, 사용한 은 이온수지 자체도 쉽게 재생할 수 있을 뿐 아니라 사용한 은 이온도 AgCl 침전이나 $AgNO_3$로 회수가 용이하다는 점에서 다른 농축과정과 비교하여 훨씬 경제적이라 할 수 있다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.278-283
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• 2021

Our understanding of the differential effects between specific omega-3 fatty acids is incomplete. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on T-helper type 1 (Th1) cell responses and identify the pathways associated with these responses. Naïve CD4⁺ T cells were co-cultured with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) in the presence or absence of palmitate (PA), DHA, or EPA. DHA or EPA treatment lowered the number of differentiated IFN-γ-positive cells and inhibited the secretion of IFN-γ, whereas only DHA increased IL-2 and reduced TNF-α secretion. There was reduced expression of MHC II on DCs after DHA or EPA treatment. In the DC-independent model, DHA and EPA reduced Th1 cell differentiation and lowered the cell number. DHA and EPA markedly inhibited IFN-γ secretion, while only EPA reduced TNF-α secretion. Microarray analysis identified pathways involved in inflammation, immunity, metabolism, and cell proliferation. Moreover, DHA and EPA inhibited Th1 cells through the regulation of diverse pathways and genes, including Igf1 and Cpt1a. Our results showed that DHA and EPA had largely comparable inhibitory effects on Th1 cell differentiation. However, each of the fatty acids also had distinct effects on specific cytokine secretion, particularly according to the presence of DCs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.537-551
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• 1994

The dietry effects of marine n-3, plant n-3 and plant n-6 fatty acid on serum lipids levels, liver phospholipid fatty acid composition in rat were investigated. Four groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats, 30 weeks old, were fed on one of 4 different experimental diets for 4 weeks. The diets were composed of 15% fat(w/w) of either concentrated EPA oil(20:5, n-3 : 65%), fish oil(20:5, n-3 : 19%, 22:6, n-3 : 18%), perilla oil(18:3, n-3 : 60%) or corn oil(18:2, n-6 : 49%). Blood was initially taken before experimental feeding and also taken after 2 weeks and 4 weeks feeding the diet respectively and then examined for the levels of serum lipids. Rats were sacrificed at 4 weeks after the diet for the analysis of liver phospholipid fatty acid. EPA feeding remarkably decreased the serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and total phospholipid than any other oil feeding. Fish oil feeding decreased serum HDL-cholesterol level comparable to the effect of EPA feeding and decreased total cholesterol and phospholipid less than but close to the effect of EPA feeding. Perilla oil feeding did not change serum levels of triglyceride and phospholipid, but it decreased serum total cholesterol a lot and HDL-cholesterol a little. Corn oil feeding did not affect triglyceride and total cholesterol while it increased serum level of HDL-cholesterol and total phospholipid. Serum HDL-cholesterol level was increased only in corn oil group. But contrary to the result of serum total phospholipid, liver phospholipid level found to be higher in fish oil and EPA groups than in perilla oil and corn groups. The fatty acid composition of liver phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine(PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine(PE) turned out to be affected by dietary fatty acid. 18:2 of liver PC was the lowest in FO group following CO group. The ratio of 20:4/18:2 was lower in PO group than in EPA group in consequence of higher 18:2 and lower 20:4 in PO group and vise versa in EPA group. In the liver PC and PE, similar trends in the ratios of n-6/n-3 and 20:4/18 were found showing higher ratios with CO and EPA group over FO and PO group. EPA group showed the lowest level of 20:5 and lower level of 20:6 than group. Fish oil was more efficient than EPA oil and PO in lowering the ratio of n-6/n-3 in consequence of the highest 22:6, and the lowest 18:2 in liver phospholipid. But PO lowers the ratio or 20:4/18 more than FO. In conclusion, EPA oil was more effective in lowering serum lipids than FO and PO. Reviewing the dietary effect of fatty acid on eicosanoids composition in rats, it is considered that more possibility was with FO than PO in the effectiveness of atherosclerosis prevention and more with PO than with EPA oil. It was also found that FO showed more effective than EPA oil for atherosclerosis prevention. It was hardly found that CO had any effect on lowering serum lipids and on eicosanoids composition in liver phospholipid for the prevention of atherosclerosis.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.90-95
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• 1998

Candida cylindracea유래의 리파제인 lipase-OF 360,000를 이용한 다중불포화지방산의 농축공정개발에 관한 연구를 수행하 였다. Lipase-OF 360,000은 5가지 종류에 대한 유지의 가수분해에서 다중불포화지방산인 n-3족 아실기를 다량 함유하는 물고기기름에 대해서만 낮은 활성을 보였다. 이 리파제에 의한 물고기기름의 가수분해에서 반응이 진행됨에 따라 DHA는 계속 농축되는 양상을 보이지만 EPA의 경우는 가수분해반응이 0-30% 진행시까지는 완만하게 농축이 진행되다가 30-50% 진행되는 동안은 더 이상의 농축이 진행되지 않았고 약 50% 이상부터는 감소하기 시작하여 반응 완료시에는 반응전 물고기기름에 있어서 EPA의 함량과 거의 비슷한 약 18% 정도로 감소되었다. 이러한 양상은 기질에 대한 Lipase-OF 360,000의 농도에 상관없이 거의 유사하게 일어났다. 본 연구결과로서 Lipase-OF 360,000의 아실 체인 특이성을 두 가지로 요약할 수 있는데 첫 번째는 가수분해에 있어서 물고기기름내의 n-3족 다중불포화지방산과 그 외의 다른 지방산들의 차별성이다. Lipase-OF 360,000은 n-3족 다중불포화지방산에 대해서만 현저히 낮은 활성을 보였다. 두 번째는 n-3족 다중불포화지방산이 가지는 구조적 차이가 Lipase-OF 360,000의 특이적 활성에 미치는 영향이다. 이 경우는 n-3족 다중불포화지방산내의 탄소수와 불포화도가 높을수록 Lipase-OF 360,000의 활성이 좋지 않았다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1869-1873
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• 2008

An isolate from holothurians was identified as an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-producing bacterium KMG427, which is characterized by EPA synthesis efficiency, by thin layer and gas chromatographic analyses. The EPA production was maximized to more than 10% of the total fatty acids by incubation at $4^{\circ}C$ after cell proliferation at $20^{\circ}C$. The isolated bacterium was categorized as Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, and motile with a single polar flagellum. According to phylogenetic analysis based on morphological and physiological specificities as an EPA-producing bacterium, the isolate KMG427 was found to belong to the genus Shewanella. The 16S rDNA of KMG427 was revealed to have 100% of sequence identity to that of S. hanedai CIP $103207^T$. Therefore, the isolate might be classified and identified as Shewanella sp. KMG427.