• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.47-57
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• 2005

To investigate the characteristics of edible flowers as a food material, we have examined the kinds, colors, sizes, fresh weights, pigments and shipping periods of edible flowers marketed on the cropping farms, selling agencies and Internet shopping malls from February through September, 2005. Thirty six kinds of edible flowers were marketed in Korea, and all but the chrysanthemum were introduced species. The characteristics of edible flowers were shown differently by the varieties following the same kinds of flowers. Those colors were yellow (twenty five kinds), red (twenty three), pink (twenty), white (eighteen), and orange (sixteen). Flower diameters were measured and showed that seven kinds of edible flowers were 1.0 to 2.0cm, fourteen 2.0 to 3.0cm, sixteen 3.0 to 4.0cm, eight 4.0 to 5.0cm, and nine over 5.0cm. Flower fresh weights were measured as follows: twenty one kinds of edible flowers were under 0.5g ($58.3\%$), eight were $0.6\∼1.0g(22.2\%$), and six were $1.1{\∼}1.5g(16.7\%$). The taste of edible flowers was often bitter (twenty one kinds), sweet and sour (seven), somewhat fragrant (six), fishy (three), and others (nine). The pigments of edible flowers were anthoxanthin (twenty seven kinds), flavonoid (twenty three), carotenoid (seventeen), and betanidin (four).

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.37-45
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the utilization of cut pear branches for dyeing materials, and the dyeability of pear flowers for pressed flowers using red, orange, and green edible pigments. There was a significant difference of E values among 0.1, 0.5 and $1.0{\%}$ diluted solutions of edible pigments for the cut pear branches coming into flowers. In the higher concentrations of dyeing solutions and the longer dyeing periods, a values with the red pigments increased from 2.37 to 31.22, b values with the orange pigments increased from 7.04 to 45.85, and a - values with the green pigments increased from -3.88 to -36. Bloomed pear branches were immersed in diluted solutions with red, orange and green pigments for forty five minutes. Pear branches immersed in $0.1{\%}$ and $0.5{\%}$ diluted solutions bloomed normally, and each of the flowers were dyed in the colors of the dyeing solutions, respectively. The dyeability of the bloomed pear branches immersed in water and dyeing solutions for one hundred and twenty minutes decreased compared with those treated with red, orange and green pigments and dyed immediately. The dyeability of flowers for the cut pear branches dyed immediately after cutting was significantly increased compared with that immersed in water and dyeing solutions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.989-996
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• 2022

Some flowers have high sensual appealability due to their unique shapes, colors, smells, and tastes. Such edible flowers receive social attention as a noble ingredient of functional teas. In this study, methanol extracts of 23 commercial flower teas (CFTs) were prepared, and their color differences were compared. No tar color pigments were detected in the 23 CFT. The average content of total polyphenol of the 23 CFTs was 80.2±50.92 mg/g and the extracts of jin-dal-rae (Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz), mae-hwa (Prunus mume), mae-mil (Fagopyrum esculentum), mok-ryun (Magnolia kobus), and sal-gu (Prunus armeniaca var. ansu Maxim) flowers showed total polyphenol contents greater than 150 mg/g. The average content of total sugar of the 23 CFTs was 187.4±166.5 mg/g and the extracts of chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile), kuk-hwa (Chrysanthemum morifolium), dong-baek (Camellia japonica L.), and won-chu-ri (Hemerocallis fulva) flowers showed total sugar contents greater than 400 mg/g. Among the 23 CFTs, the extract of jang-mi (Rosa hybrida hortorum) flower has prominent anti-thrombosis activity, and the extracts of dal-ma-ji (Oenothera lamarckiana), dong-baek, hibiscus (Hibiscus syriacus), and mae-mil flowers showed strong inhibitions against thrombin and blood coagulation factors. Also, the extracts of jang-mi, kum-jan-hwa (Tagetes erecta L.), mae-mil, mok-ryun dong-baek, and jin-dal-rae flower showed strong radical scavenging activities against DPPH, ABTS, and nitrite and reducing power. Our results suggest that the flowers of jang-mi, mae-mil, and dong-baek can be developed as promising anti-thrombosis treatments.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.438-446
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• 2022

Some flowers have a high sensual appeal owing to their unique shape, color, smell, and taste and have been used as functional food and oriental medicine. Recently, edible dry flowers (EDFs) have attracted social attention as noble sources of functional teas. In this study, for the risk assessment of EDFs, pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, and pesticide residues were monitored in 23 types of commercial EDF. No Enterobacteria spp. and Listeria spp. were found in all EDF products. However, common aerobic bacteria (3.24~3.85 Log CFU/g) were found in EDF, namely, Pueraria lobata, Chamaemelum nobile, Acacia decurrens, Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz, Oenothera lamarckiana, Brassica napus, and Prunus serrulata. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 11 and Salmonella sp. was found in 8 of the 23 EDFs. Considering the cold extraction of EDF for tea and beverages, the regulation of pathogenic bacteria in EDFs is necessary. No heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and As were found in all EDFs, except the dry flower of Hemerocallis fulva, which contained Pb at 0.08 ppm. Different pesticides and fungicides were found in EDFs, but their concentrations were very low (0.01~0.08 ppm) and below the maximal residue level. Only the dry flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium had a high content of chlorpyrifos (0.215 ppm), which is long-lasting pesticide. Our results suggest that the establishment of EDF regulations for pesticide residue, culture separation between edible and garden flowers, and guidelines for preventing pathogenic microbial contamination are necessary.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1013-1013
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• 2022

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.212-218
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• 2011

Edible flowers are harvested at the full bloom stage and distributed without floral stems, which makes the flower quality deteriorated quickly. Thereby, this study was carried out for selection of effective storage film at room temperature during the distribution of edible flowers. Edible flowers, snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), pot-marigold (Calendula officinalis), sweet violet (Viola odorata), clove pink (Dianthus caryophyllus), wild pansy (Viola tricolor), nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) were used to select the effective storage film at room temperature during the distribution, polyethylene (PE) film (0.03 mm), polypropylene (PP) film (0.03 mm). PP (LF10) film packing was very effective for longer shelf life for sweet violet, clove pink, and wild pansy. But, there were little different for pot-marigold and nasturtium. Wilting at sweet violet, clove pink, and wild pansy, and petal-soft rot and color break at nasturtium were appeared. Browning and rot were appeared to snapdragon.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2014

This study was designed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant potentials and the antioxidant components of 80% ethanolic extracts prepared from five edible spring flowers. The contents of total phenols (14.1-18.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/g of dry weight; DW), flavonoids (0.3-4.9 mg catechin equivalents), total carotenoids ($1.9-578.1{\mu}g$ ${\beta}$-carotene equivalents), and proanthocyanidins (2.8-23.5 mg catechin equivalents), were determined by spectrophotometry. In addition, the content of ascorbic acid (0.71-1.31 mg) was determined using HPLC with UV detection. All varieties of the flower examined showed antioxidant potential (1.2-46.1 mM Trolox equivalents/g DW), which was measured by the radical scavenging activity and the reducing power. Of the five flowers analyzed, Prunus avium L. showed the highest antioxidant activity. A strong correlation was found between the ascorbic acid ($r^2=0.75$), flavonoids ($r^2=0.71$), and total phenolic content ($r^2=0.64$) and the antioxidant parameters, suggesting that these components are likely significant contributors to the antioxidant capacity of the five spring flowers.

• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.909-917
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• 2018

Quercetin and its glycoside derivatives were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) and liquid chromatograph/mass spectrometer/mass spectrometer (LC/MS/MS) in the leaves, flowers, and fruits of 22 Malus genotypes. In all genotypes, small amounts of quercetin aglycone were present, with water-soluble glycoside forms were the most abundant in different Malus plant tissues, including quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-xyloside, quercetin-3-arabinoside, and quercetin-3-rhamnoside. Among these six quercetin glycosides, quercetin-3-galactoside was the common form in Malus plants, except in the leaves and flowers of M. ceracifolia and M. magdeburgensis, and in the fruits of M. micromalus 'Haihong Fruit', where there was a higher concentration of quercetin3-glucoside. Among the different tissues tested, leaves contained the highest concentration of quercetin and its glycosides, while fruits contained the lowest concentrations of these compounds. Among the genotypes we analyzed, no specific genotype consistently contained the highest concentration of quercetin and its glycoside derivatives. M. domestica 'Honeycrisp' had the highest total compound concentration (approximately $1600mg\;kg^{-1}$), whereas M. hupehensis contained the lowest in its fruits. In contrast, the concentration of total quercetin and its glycosides was more than $5000mg\;kg^{-1}$ in the leaves of eight genotypes and greater than $2500mg\;kg^{-1}$ in the flowers of seven species. In general, the concentration of quercetin and its glycoside derivatives depended on the species and tissue type. These results may provide useful information for the evaluation and selection of edible Malus fruits and the materials for quercetin glycoside extraction.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.42-47
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• 2023

Carthamus tinctorius L. (known as safflower) is a valuable oil plant whose importance is increasing rapidly in the world due to its high adaptation to arid regions. The seeds of this unique plant are especially used in edible oil, soap, paint, varnish and lacquer production. Its flowers are used in vegetable dye production and medicinal purposes beside its features as a coloring and flavoring in food. After the oil is removed, the remaining pulp and plant parts are used as animal feed, and dry straw residues are used as fuel. Beside all these features, its usage as a herbal medicinal plants for various diseases has gained importance on recent years. In this study, it was designed a plant metabolomic approach which transfers all the recent data processing strategies of untargeted metabolomics in clinical applications to the present study. Q-TOF LC/MS-based analysis of the extracts (70% ethanol, hexane, and chloroform) for both seed and flowers was performed using a C18 column (Agilent Zorbax 1.8 µM, 100 × 2.1 mm). Differences were observed in seed and fruit extracts and these differences were visualized using principal component analysis (PCA) plots. The total number and intersections of the peaks in the extracts were visualized using peak count comparison graph. Based on the experimental results, the number of the detected peaks for seeds was higher than the ones for the flowers for all solvent systems to extract the samples.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.623-639
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• 2017

We investigated traditional knowledge about ethnobotanical uses around national parks in the northern areas of Province Gyeongsangbuk-do, with the focus on the Sobeaksan National Park area. Interviews were carried out to 138 residents at 42 places from 7 counties and/or cities, and verified species and usage information were categorized by taxonomic groups, usage, and used parts. The ethnobotanical species of the regions consisted of a total of 277 taxa: 244 species, 3 subspecies, 28 varieties, and 2 forma in 213 genera of 79 families. The significant native plants included one Endangered Species (Paeonia obovata Max.) and four endemic species (Salix hallaisanensis H. Lev., Aconitum pseudolaeve Nakai, Paulownia coreana Uyeki, and Cirsium setidens (Dunn) Nakai, Sasa coreana Nakai). About 17 Approved Species for Delivering Overseas designated by Korea Ministry of Environment have been also traditionally valuable in the regions. The main usage of the plants were edible (185 taxa) and medicinal (175 taxa). Leaves were most commonly used parts (109 taxa), followed by stems (73 taxa), fruits (69 taxa), roots (67 taxa), and wholes (57 taxa). The traditional usage of plants were diverse as those useful parts. Leaves, fruits and seeds were used as edible and medicinal; sprouts (young shoots) were mainly used as edible; but roots and flowers were used as medicinal. The study does not only provides examples of traditional uses of native plants, but also facilitates sustainable managements and developments of ethnobotanical knowledge for the contemporary society.