• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.43-53
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• 2005

This study is to define how the difference of athletic change influence on the last regrasp after somersault in Belle movement of parallel bars. For his study, the following conclusion was produced by analysis of athletic change by means of three dimensional visual image in three athlete of nation. 1. As the picture of S1, there are total used time(2.01 sec), S3(2.17 sec) and S2(2.19 sec). In case of a short needed time, it is difficult for them to perform the remaining movement of the vertical elevating flight easily and comfortably, it is judged as performing the small movement with restrict swing. 2 In the change of body center sped by each event, it is calculated as $-89.1^{\circ}$ the narrowest in S1, $-81.96^{\circ}$ the widest and then $86.34^{\circ}$ in S3. In E3 event, average compound speed is 4.07m/s, S2 showed the fastest speed of 4.14m/s whereas S1 the narrowest angle of 3.95m/s. 3. A shoulder joint and coxa are the period of mention in E3. In E4 which was pointed out the longest vertical distance, S2 that is indicated the highest vertical height as the period of detach in parallel bars. showed -3.91m. This is regarded as a preparatory movement for dynamic performance after using effectively elastic movement of shoulder joint and coxa while easily going up with turning back movement. In the 5th phrase, long airborne time and vertical change position is showed as the start while regrasping securely air flight movement from high position. 4. In E5, a long flight time and a long vertical displacement were shown as the regrasp after somersault efficiently in high position with stability from the point of the highest peak of the center of the body. Especially, S2 is marked as a little bit long position, while S1 is reversely indicated as performing somersault and unstable motion in a low position. 5. In E3, at the point of the largest extension of the shoulder joint and hip joint the shoulder joint is largely marked in $182^{\circ}$ and the hip point $182^{\circ}$ in S2. The shoulder joint is marked at the smallest angle in $177^{\circ}$ and the hip point $176^{\circ}$ in S1. And S1 is being judged by its performance of the less self - confident motion with lessening a breath of swing. S2 makes the most use of flexion and extension of the shoulder joint and the hip joint effectively. It was performed greatly with swinging and dropping the rotary movement and the rotary inertia naturally. 6. In E6, as the point of regrasp of the upper arm in parallel bars it is recognized by the that of components of vertical and horizontal velocity stably. During this study, the insufficient thing and the study on the parallel bars at a real game later are more activated than now. If it is really used as the basic materials by means of Belle Picked Study of Super E level after Bell movement, you may perceive the technique movement previously and perform without difficulty. Especially, such technique as crucifix is quite advantageous for oriental people thanks to small body shape condition. In conclusion we will nicely prepare for our suitable environment to gradually lessen trials and errors by analyzing and studying kinematically this movement.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.203-244
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• 1998

The human mandible is always under the condition of loading by the various forces extorted by the attached muscles. The loading is an important condition of the stomatognathic system. This condition is composed of the direction and amount of forces of the masticatory muscles, which are controlled by the neuromuscular system, and always influenced by the movement of both opening and closing. Mandible is a strong foundation for the teeth or various prostheses, nevetheless it is a elastic body which accompanies deformation by the external forces on it. The elastic properties of the mandible is influenced by the various procedures such as conventional restorative treatments, osseointegrated implant treatments, reconstructive surgical procedures and so forth. Among the treatments the osseointegrated implant has no periodontal ligaments, which exist around the natural teeth to allow physiologic mobility in the alveolar socket. And so around the osseointegrated implant, there is almost no damping effect during the transmission of occlusal stress and displacements. If the osseointegrated implants are connected by the superstructure for the stabilization and effective distribution of occlusal stresses, the elastic properties of mandible is restricted according to the extent of 'splinting' by the superstructure and implants. To investigate the change of elastic behaviour of the mandible which has osseointegrated implant prosthesis of various numbers of implant installment and span of superstructre, a three dimensional finite element model was developed and analyzed with conditions mentioned above. The conclusions are as follows : 1. The displacements are primarily developed at the area of muscle attachment and distributed all around the mandible according to the various properties of bone. 2. The segmentation in the superstructure has few influence on the distribution of stress and displacement. 3. In the load case of ICP, the concentration of tensional stress was observed at the anterior portion of the ramus($9.22E+6N/m^2$) and at the lingual portion of the symphysis menti($8.36E+6N/m^2$). 4. In the load case of INC, the concentration of tensional stress was observed at the anterior portion of the ramus($9.90E+6N/m^2$) and the concentration of tensional stress was observed at the lingual portion of the symphysis menti($2.38E+6N/m^2$)). 5. In the load case of UTCP, the relatively high concentration of tensional stress($3.66E+7N/m^2$) was observed at the internal surface of the condylar neck.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 2004

Background : Mucus hypersecretion in the patients with airway diseases represents poor prognosis as well as discomfort. However, there is no known therapy for its effective control. One important component of mucus is mucin, a glycosylated protein, which endows mucus with viscosity. We studied whether a proteinase has a role in mucin secretion and if so, which. Methods : (1) Inhibition of mucin secretion Group-specific proteinase inhibitors were tested to evaluate whether a proteinase belonging to a group of proteinases plays a role in mucin secretion. Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride(PMSF, a serine proteinase inhibitor), E-64(a cysteine proteinase inhibitor), Pepstatin(an aspartic proteinase inhibitor) and 1, 10-Phenanthroline(a metalloproteinase inhibitor) were treated into the Calu-3 cell line for 24 hours. The enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assay(ELISA) for MUC5AC was performed to evaluate the amount of mucin secretion and to compare with a control. (2) Stimulation of mucin secretion Matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9), MMP-12 and TACE(TNF-alpha converting enzyme), which are known to be related with airway diseases, were used to be treated into Calu-3 for 24 hours. ELISA for MUC5AC was performed to evaluate the amount of mucin secretion and to compare with the controls. Results : (1) PMSF($10^{-4}M$), E-64($10^{-4}M$), Pepstatin($10^{-6}M$) and 1, 10-Phenanthroline($10^{-4}M$) reduced the MUC5AC secretion by $1{\pm}4.9%$(mean${\pm}$standard deviation; P=1.0 compared with the control), $-6{\pm}3.9%$(P=0.34), $-13{\pm}9.7%$(P=0.34) and $41{\pm}8.2%$(P=0.03), respectively. (2) The amounts of MUC5AC secretion stimulated by MMP-9(250ng/ml), MMP-12(100ng/ml) and TACE(200ng/ml) were $103{\pm}6%$(P=0.39), $102{\pm}8%$(P=1.0) and $107{\pm}13%$(P=0.39), respectively, compared with the controls. Conclusion : Metalloproteinase(s) is (are) suggested to play a role in mucin secretion. It appears that metalloproteinases, other than MMP-9, MMP-12 or TACE, affect the mucin secretion in this in vitro model.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.421-429
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• 2003

Purpose : Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used to treat cancer patients as adjunct treatment, but if the microvascular tissue transfer is performed simulataneously with cancer resection surgery, the induction chemotherapy might affect the survival rate of vascularized free flap. Our study will focus on the effect of induction chemotherapy on the free flaps which were made on white rat abdomen after injection of 5-FU. Materials and Methods: The experimental rat groups were divided into three groups (total 24 rats) as a normal control group, 24 hrs group after 5-FU injection, 3 days group after 5-FU injection. Inferior abdominal island flaps of 8 Sprague Dawley rats on each group were made and immediately were induced into an ischemic state by clamping the supplying inferior epigastric artery and vein with microvascular clamp for a hour to induce a similiar free flap circumstance, then the inferior abdominal skin flaps were reperfused by releasing the clamps. The flaps on abdomen were repositioned and sutured. The experimental data for flap survival rate was collected by digital photo taking, analysed by computer image program to compare with the flap luminosity. The rats were sacrificed at 3 days, 5 days, 7 days after flap preparation and specimens of the flap were taken and stained with H-E staining. The microscopic finding was made under magnification of 200 and 400. Results: 1. Gross findings on each groups showed the healing condition was good as following sequences; normal, 24 hrs group after chemotherapy, 3 days group after chemotherpy. 2. The values of flap luminosity for evaluation of flap survival rate also showed the same sequences as gross findings of healing state. 3. The microscopic findings of epidermis necrosis, inflammation state, dermis fibrosis, vessel change, fatty tissue layer thinning were compared with each group. The 3 days group after chemotherapy showed remarkably poor healing condition compared to other groups. Conclusion: Chemotherapy agents affected the healing process of free flap, but healing condition was recovered spontaneously as post-injection periods passed out. In opposite to our expectation, 3 days group showed the bad flap condition in comparing with 24 hours group which was considered as immatured body circulation state of chemotherapy agent. It showed that 3 weeks in human being after chemotherapy was not proper as timing of microvascular tissue transfer if 3 days group in rat was considered as same healing period of 3 weeks in human being. More delayed healing timing than 3 weeks might be required in clinical application of free tissue transfer.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1998

Rural communities have been isolated from social and economic changes underway in the broader society. Trends towed an urbanized society have depopulated many rural areas (Flora, et al, 1992). The South Korean government has targeted efforts toward an urban centered economic development policy, which has neglected the rural areas. The South Korean government also has indoctrinated rural community development with a quick-fix approach. Self-directed economic organizations based in rural South Korea began to emerge in the late 1980s. Since the 1980s, South Korean agricultural sectors have been overshadowed by globalism. McMichael (1996) stated that rural communities have two options. A immunity should either End its niche (i.e. the commodities or products that can have advantages in the international trade market) or protest against globalism to survive if rural communities fail to find a niche under globalism. South Korean neat communities did not have enough natural resources nor enough money to invest for their rural community economic development programs. These limitations made it difficult for South Korean coral communities to compete in a global economic environment. Israel, Coleman, and Ilvento (1993) stated that local leadership is a critical component in the ability of communities to respond to lang-standing problems and emerging needs. Swinth and Alexander (1990) asserted that rural leaders are critical actors in rural community development. Whether rural communities succeed in finding their niche or not, the role of rural community leaders is important for rural communities to find ways to cope in the international agriculture market.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.51-60
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• 2004

Due to the improvements in circuit design and manufacturing technique, the complexity of a circuit is growing. Since the complexity of a circuit causes high frequency of faults, it is very important to locate faults for improvement of yield and reduction of production cost. But unfortunately it takes a long time to find sites of defects by e-beam proving if the physical level. A fault diagnosis algorithm in the Sate level has meaning to reduce diagnosis time by limiting fault sites. In this paper, we propose an efficient fault diagnosis algorithm in the logical level. Our method is hybrid fault diagnosis algorithm using a new fault dictionary and additional fault simulation which minimizes memory consumption and simulation time.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.311-315
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• 2017

The perovskite system $(Ba^{2+}{_{1-x}}La^{3+}{_x})Fe^{3+}{_{1-t}}Fe^{4+}{_t}O_{3-y}$ (y = (1 - x --t)/2) having a composition of x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 showedean increase in $Fe^{4+}$ mole ratios with an increase in oxygen partial pressure ($N_2{\rightarrow}air{\rightarrow}O_2$), and with an increasefin s, the $Fe^{3+}$ quantity decreased and oxygen content (3-y value) increased. For each N sampls heat-treated in $N_2$ gas, a considerable weight gain, i.e.g a steadynincrease if oxygen content, was observed in the TGA data on the cooling process. The conductivity values at a constant temperature were in the order of $N_2$$O_2$; the respective log ${\sigma}$ values (${\Omega}^{-1}{\cdot}cm^{-1}$) at 323 K of the BL0 sample were -5.75 (BL0-N), -3.39 (BL0-A), and -0.53 (BL0-O). The mixed valencies of $Fe^{3+}$ and $Fe^{4+}$ ions in each sample were also confirmed by both the oxidation curve above 350 mV and the cathodic reduction curve below 200 mV from cyclic voltammetry.

• ALGAE
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.73-90
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• 2021

Relative to the large number of photosynthetic dinoflagellate species, only a select few possess proteinaceous, carotenoid-rich eyespots which have been demonstrated in other algae to act in phototactic responses. The proteins comprising the different categories of dinoflagellate eyespots are positioned in or near the peridinin-containing photosynthetic plastid membranes which are composed primarily of two galactolipids, mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG). Within eyespot-containing dinoflagellates, this arrangement occurs mostly in those with secondary plastids, although some dinoflagellates with tertiary plastids of diatom origin are known to possess eyespots. We here provide an examination of the MGDG and DGDG composition of eyespot-containing dinoflagellates with secondary, peridinin-containing plastids and tertiary plastids of diatom origin to address the fundamental question of whether eyespots and their component proteins and carotenoids are associated with alterations in galactolipid composition when compared to eyespot-lacking photosynthetic dinoflagellates. This is an important question because the dinoflagellate eyespot-plastid membrane system can be considered a more complicated and evolved state of plastid development. Included in this examination are data on the previously unexamined peridinin- and type A eyespot-containing dinoflagellate Margalefidinium polykrikoides, and the type D eyespot-containing, aberrant plastid "dinotom" Durinskia baltica. In addition, we have reviewed the galactolipid composition of algae from the Chlorophyceae, Cryptophyceae, and Euglenophyceae as a comparison to determine if algal classes apart from the Dinophyceae contain altered galactolipids in association with eyespots. We conclude that the presence of an eyespot in dinoflagellates and other algae is not associated with noticeable changes in galactolipid composition.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.832-840
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• 2018

In this study, both of the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in 5 species (total 50 samples) of medicinal herbs and their transfer ratios in the preparation steps of water extract(decoction) and soft extract, were measured by HPLC/FLD. The calibration curve of benzo(a)pyrene shows excellent correlation over the concentration range of 3~40 ng/mL with the correlation coefficient ($R^2$) of 1.000. The detected benzo(a)pyrene concentrations from the medicinal herbs ranged from non-detection to $37.54{\mu}g/kg$, and their average was $6.73{\mu}g/kg$. Among the total samples, 15 samples (i.e., 30%) exceeded the limit of herbal medicine benzo(a)pyrene criteria (i.e., $5{\mu}g/kg$) according to the notification No. 2009-302 from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. In particular, the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in Coptidis Rhizome was turned out to be the highest of $37.54{\mu}g/kg$. The detected benzo(a)pyrene concentrations from water extract(decoction), soft extract and remnant after boiling, ranged from non-detection to $2.31{\mu}g/kg$, non-detection to $2.28{\mu}g/kg$, and 2.18 to $21.91{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. In preparation of water extract(decoction) and soft extract, transferred benzo(a)pyrene was not detected or, if transferred, the maximal transfer ratios of benzo(a)pyrene were shown to be 8.9% and 9.8%, respectively. Therefore, the content of benzo(a)pyrene in the samples of herbal medicine used in this study, were reduced by more than 90% in preparation steps of water extract (decoction) and soft extract.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.19-26
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• 1999

Strains degrading and decolorizing acid dyes, Nylosan red E-BL 150%. were isolated from natural system, was named as ARK3. The optimal culture conditions of temperature and pH were $35^\circ{C}$, 7.0, respectively. Growth rate of cells in conditions of aerobic shaking more than standing culture conspicuously increased, and optical density of those to strain ARK3 were found as 1.38 and 0.25 after 42 hrs. Decolorization efficiency in batch culture which used as immobilization media to natural zeolite was 15% after 6 hrs, while suspension culture was 5%, also its of immobilization and suspension culture were 90% and 85% after 48 hrs, respectively. Decolorization efficiency of air-lift bioreactor was more than 90% to a dilution rate of $0.038hr^{-1}$, but that was decreased as 70%, when the dilution rate was $0.05hr^{-1}$. Even though at maximum dilution rate of this study, there was not appeared "wash out" phenomienon of biomass. Decolorization efficiency was 97.7% at a dilution rate of $0.025hr^{-1}$, when influent dye concentration was $100mg/\ell$. But if influent dye concentration increased as $150mg/\ell$, even though MLVSS increased, that of treatment water decreased as 93%. Also, when influent dye concentration increased as $200mg/\ell$ and $300mg/\ell$, decolorization efficiencies of treatment water abruptly decreased as 85% and 63%, respectively. Decolorization efficiency was more than 92% to the limit volumetric loading rate of $3.75mg/\ell\cdot{hr}$hr, without regard to variation of influent dye concentration or hydraulic retention time. if volumetric loading rate was more than $3.80mg/\ell\cdot{hr}$, at same condition, decolorization efficiency was lower decrease of retention time than increase of influent dye concentration.entration.