• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.18
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• pp.159-188
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• 2002

International joint ventures are usually formed and managed by domestic companies and foreign investors for the common objectives. They offer an opportunity for each partner to benefit significantly from the comparative advantages of the other. Local partners bring knowledge of the domestic market; familiarity with government bureaucracies and regulations; understanding of local labor markets; and existing manufacturing facilities. Foreign partners can offer advanced process and product technologies, management know-how, and access to export markets. In Korea, joint ventures have been encouraged to usher in foreign investors with foreign currency capital badly needed during the IMF financial crisis. In the meantime, Korean laws and regulations with respect to joint ventures have been largely overhauled to promote foreign direct investment (FDI) both inbound and outbound. They include four types of FDI, i.e., acquisition of foreign stocks, provision of long-term loans, participation in joint operations like resources development, and establishment of foreign offices. From the legal point of view, the formal joint venture agreement must be an offspring of a series of tough negotiations between domestic and foreign partners. They usually stress the long-term relationship with the good will and dedication to each other, and restrict the free transfer of stocks. Both partners are earnestly interested in the ownership and management of the joint venture. So they keep a close eye on the articles of incorporation, changes of business environment, conflict resolution methods, transparency of accounting and other financial matters. When a multinational corporation (MNC) is involved in the joint venture, conflicts over management strategies, marketing and other issues take place more often than not between the MNC and local partners. We have to pay attention to joint ventures, particularly, in China and North Korea. As witnessed in other transition economies, China is eagerly bringing in foreign direct investments for the development of nation's economy. China encourages foreign investors to establish ordinary joint ventures, contractual joint ventures, solely invested foreign capital companies and jointly operated development companies with local partners. In North Korea, however, joint ventures have a different meaning like contractual joint ventures in China, in which North Korean partners have an initiative in the management. Rather, jointly operated companies or simply processing-for-wage companies are recommended in view of the unpredictable legal infrastructure in North Korea.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.267-280
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to review the foundation of the representative early scientific societies and their major activities. The documents, books, and literature related to this study were collected through internet websites (e.g., google scholar, wikipedia) and analyzed by the qualitative content analysis method. The result of this study shows that requirement for the necessary resources to acquire or to prepare the instruments for the experiment is significantly increased with the rising importance of the experiments to conduct the scientific methods. As a consequence, scientists faced urgent necessities to conduct scientific experiments with cooperation and exchange of the newest information by establishing a community beyond the independent and individual research activity. Establishment of the scientific societies is the result of these necessities. At the beginning of the scientific societies, the resources are provided by either wealthy patron or member contribution or public through foundation of government organization. This study provides the implications for future scientific societies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.280-291
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• 2020

Objectives: Hazard classification is a controversial issue in the new MSDS system in which chemical companies have to prepare and submit MSDS for chemicals that they manufacture or import to the competent authorities according to the amended Occupational Safety and Health Act. The aim of this study is to suggest how to apply and manage harmonized hazard classification criteria and results by investigating current hazard classification systems and trends. Methods: The domestic issues about different hazard classification criteria and results were investigated by reviewing the literature and business outcomes regarding KOSHA. We also checked official and unofficial reports from the UN to understand international discussion about the topic. Chemical hazard classification results from agencies providing chemical information were analyzed to compare a harmonized rate between classifications. Furthermore, a field survey of a few chemical companies was conducted. Results: Under the related competent authorities, an integrated standard proposal was developed to harmonize the domestic hazard classification criteria. Although harmonized chemical information is strongly needed, we recognized the uncertainty and difficulty of harmonized hazard classification from the UN global list project review. In practice the harmonization rate of the classification was generally low between the classification in KOSHA, MoE, and EU CLP. Among hazard classes, health hazards largely led the disharmony. The field survey revealed a change of perception that the main body of chemical information production is manufacturers. Approaches and solutions about hazard classification issues differed depending on business size, types of chemical handling, and other factors. Conclusions: We proposed reasonable ways by time and step to apply hazard classification in the new MSDS system. Chemical manufacturers should make and offer chemical information including responsible hazard classifications. The government should primarily accept these classifications, evaluate them by priority, and support or supervise workplaces in order to communicate reliable chemical information.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2003

Biotechnology is certainly one of the major landmarks in the 20th century history of science. It may produce enormous utility to human beings, but at the same time, it carries huge potential risks to the environment and public health. Thus, with a view to securing safety for the environment and public health in relation to the development and use of living modified organisms (LMOs), the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was adopted, in which a regulation Procedure as to the transboundary movements, transportation, handling, and use of LMOs were drawn up. In order to prepare for the entry into force of the Protocol, the Republic of Korea legislated the "Act on the Transboundary Movements of living modified organisms(hereinafter referred as the 'Act')" in Mar 2001, and has pre-announced the enactments of the enforcement ordinance and the enforcement regulation to the Act. Pursuant to the Act, the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy, as a Competent National Authority, is making efforts to implement domestic biosafety schemes in cooperation with other bio-related government ministries. In order for these efforts to reap fruits, industry, academia, and research institutions should cooperate with one another, and civic groups and NGOs should narrow the differences in opinions and timely respond to the fast-changing situations. Focusing on the precautionary principle, the Protocol puts a great emphasis on the importance of information sharing amongst countries, and the Act also follows this principle. In order to gurantee biosafety, countries around the world, including the ROK, agreed to establish National Biosafety Clearing, designed to provide the information on the export/import of LMOs, R'||'&'||'Ds, risk assessment, safety control, etc. and register it on the CBD Central Biosafety Clearing House.e.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2020

The Korean Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued the guidelines about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for children and adolescents. Case definitions and management of COVID-19 in neonates, infants, children and adolescents are presented in this guideline. In addition, guidelines for caregiver management are also provided. In this review, we introduce the contents of the current guidelines for COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.172-184
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• 2017

Nanotechnology is a leading branch of technology and is expected to improve national industrial competitiveness. For maintaining a sustainable growth in nanotechnology, Korean government has set up specific plans from a long-term perspective. One of these plans is tracking and promoting certain potential technologies called Future 30 Nanotechnologies. This study aims to develop an analysis framework for comprehending the Future 30 Nanotechnologies. We applied this framework to the carbon nanomaterials field. Through co-authorship and keyword network analysis, we identified the research trends of three countries (i.e., Korea, US, and China.). This research framework could be utilized in the development of a nanotechnology policy.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2017

Background: South Korea has experienced problems with excessive pharmaceutical expenditures. In 2010, the South Korean government introduced an outpatient prescription incentive program to effectively manage pharmaceutical expenditures. Therefore, we examined the relationship between the outpatient prescription incentive program and pharmaceutical expenditures. Methods: We used data from the Korean National Health Insurance claims database, which included medical claims filed for 22,732 clinics from 2011-2014 to evaluate associated pharmaceutical expenditures. We performed multiple regression analysis and Poisson regression analysis using generalized estimating equation models to examine the associations between outpatient prescription incentives and the outcome variables. Results: The data used in this study consisted of 123,392 cases from 22,372 clinics (average 5.4 periods follow-up). Clinics that had received outpatient prescription incentives in the last period had better cost saving and Outpatient Prescribing Costliness Index (OPCI) (received: proportion of cost saving, ${\beta}=6.8179$; p-value < 0.0001; OPCI, ${\beta}=-0.0227$; p-value < 0.0001; reference = non-received). Moreover, these clinics had higher risk in the provision of outpatient prescription incentive (relative risk, 2.772; 95% confidence interval, 2.720 to 2.824). The associations were higher in clinics that had separate prescribing and dispensing programs, or had professional staff. Conclusion: The introduction of an outpatient prescription incentive program for clinics effectively managed problems with rapid increases of pharmaceutical expenditures in South Korea. However, the pharmaceutical expenditures still increased in spite of the positive impact of the outpatient prescription incentive program. Therefore, healthcare professionals and health policy makers should develop more effective alternatives (i.e., for clinics without separate prescribing and dispensing programs) based on our results.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.869-885
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to present innovative approaches for u-Learning environment in public education with Digital Textbook. The Korean Government has been making efforts to introduce the u-Learning environment to maximize the learning effect in public education with Digital Textbook. However, there are only a few studies that analyze the effectiveness of u-Learning environment and Digital Textbook. This paper reviews the current status of u-Learning environment in Korea and analyzes the satisfaction level with Digital Textbooks. The first survey regarding technological factors was collected from 197 students. The results of the survey revealed that the level of satisfaction has declined over a year. The weakness of the study is that the sample frame is insufficient and survey questions did not reflect diverse factors of learning effectiveness. To supplement these shortcomings, 2,226 students were asked about learning performance. The results of the survey showed that the satisfaction with Digital Textbooks is much higher than that of paper textbooks. However, this paper is limited to u-Learning environments in public education. Therefore, research needs to be improved by reflecting both public and private sectors of education in following studies. This paper suggests useful guidelines to educators in improving their u-Learning environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.17-27
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• 2008

Logistic activities of shippers contains only origin-destin commodity flow information, but also contract relationships, cash flows and distribution channels. Under the lack of understanding of physical distribution channels, most studies have focused on the social and psychological aspects between manufacturers and retailers (e.g., mutual trust, power, conflict, reciprocal commitment, and so on). This study reports empirical results of distribution channel choice drawn from 2001 Korean Commodity Flow Survey(CFS) conducted by Korean government. Based on the CFS data, four distribution channels are classified. This study scrutinized how various factors including mode, commodity and firms characteristics affect distribution channel choice, and reported the problems of 2001 CFS survey questionaires and future directions.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.273-299
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate how constructed-response assessments are currently defined and used to find an alternative way of developing well-defined constructed-response questions and an assessment system. Based on our review of the literature, we analyze constructed-response assessments developed and used in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea and Ohio, U.S.A. in terms of their definitions, types of questions, information and guidelines given by the government agencies in each place, and scoring rubrics and their use. The results provide meaningful implications for the development of constructed-response assessments in the future.