• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

일반설계에서 요구하는 구조물의 안전성은 탄성영역에서 일정수준의 안전계수를 확보하여 만족된다. 그러나 내진설계에서의 안전성은 소성영역에서 구조물의 형상에 따라 특정한 연성파괴메카니즘을 유도하여 확보하도록 요구하고 있다. 그러므로 이러한 안전성은 구조물의 기본설계단계에서 여러 개의 대안을 가지고 비교, 검토를 수행하여 확보되어야 하며 실시설계단계에서 이를 확인하는 작업이 이루어져야 한다. 이 연구에서는 일반도로교량을 대상으로 하여 기본설계와 실시설계에 사용하는 모델을 설정하였으며 양 모델의 동적거동특성인 주기와 모드형상을 비교하고 다중모드스펙트럼해석을 적용하여 파괴메카니즘을 규명하였다. 기본설계와 실시설계에 사용하는 모델로 각각 확인한 파괴메카니즘을 비교하여 기본설계모델의 타당성을 입증하고 실무에 적용할 수 있는 내진해석모델로 제시하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.599-620
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• 2011

The investigation on possible causes of failures related to documented collapses is a complicated issue, primarily due to the scarcity and inadequacy of information available. Although several studies have tried to understand which are the inherent structural deficiencies or circumstances associated to failure of the main structural elements in a reinforced concrete frame, to the authors knowledge a uniform approach for the evaluation building static vulnerability, does not exist yet. This paper investigates, by means of a detailed case study, the potential failure mechanisms of an existing reinforced concrete building. The linear elastic analysis for the three-dimensional building model gives an insight on the working conditions of the structural elements, demonstrating the relevance of a number of structural faults that could sensibly lower the structure's safety margin. Next, the building's bearing capacity is studied by means of parametric nonlinear analysis performed at the element's level. It is seen that, depending on material properties, concrete strength and steel yield stress, the failure hierarchy could be dominated by either brittle or ductile mechanisms.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.441-448
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• 2007

지진하중을 받는 철근콘크리트 접합부의 거동은 전단과 부착 메커니즘에 의해 결정된다. 하지만 전단과 부착은 반복하중에 매우 취약하기 때문에 접합부는 항상 탄성 영역 내에 있어야 한다. 내진 설계 기준에서는 보에 소성힌지를 발생시켜 기둥과 접합부는 탄성 상태를 유지하면서 보에서 에너지소산이 이루어지도록 하는 것을 원칙으로 한다. 하지만 접합부와 인접한 보에 소성힌지가 발생할 경우, 보에서 발생한 소성힌지에서의 철근 변형률이 접합부 철근의 변형에 영향을 미쳐 결국 접합부의 전단 및 부착강도를 떨어뜨리는 결과를 가져오게 된다. 본 논문에서는 보 인장 철근량을 변수로 한 다섯 개의 철근콘크리트 보-기둥 접합부를 제작하고 보에 소성힌지를 발생시킨 후 그 결과를 분석하였다. 실험 결과, 보 인장철근량이 적을수록 접합부의 연성은 증가하였다. 또한 소성힌지 영역의 철근이 항복함에 따라 접합부의 연성률이 증가하고 접합부의 보 부재축 방향 인장변형률도 증가하였다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.207-212
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• 2015

사회기반시설물인 교량은 인적/물적 자원의 신속하고 원활한 이동을 위해 지장물을 극복하도록 설계/시공되는 구조물이다. 그러므로 교량의 교축방향으로 배열되는 교각의 형상과 규모는 지형의 제약을 받을 수밖에 없다. 이러한 교각의 형상과 규모는 지진하중의 전달경로를 결정하는 연결부분 배열과 함께 연결부분과 교각에 발생하는 작용력을 좌우하게 된다. 이 연구에서는 강재받침과 철근콘크리트 기둥을 연결부분과 교각으로 하는 일반교량을 대상으로 교각 및 강재받침 배열이 다른 해석모델을 설정하여 지진해석을 수행하였다. 해석결과로 구한 교각기둥과 강재받침의 강도/작용력 비로부터 각 해석모델의 연성파괴메카니즘을 구성하고 연결부분 및 교각 배열이 일반교량의 내진성능에 미치는 영향을 연성파괴메카니즘 구성 측면에서 제시하였다.

• Advances in materials Research
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.169-182
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• 2012

In this paper the intrinsic influence of micron-sized nickel particle reinforcements on microstructure, micro-hardness tensile properties and tensile fracture behavior of nano-alumina particle reinforced magnesium alloy AZ31 composite is presented and discussed. The unreinforced magnesium alloy (AZ31) and the reinforced nanocomposite counterpart (AZ31/1.5 vol.% $Al_2O_3$/1.5 vol.% Ni] were manufactured by solidification processing followed by hot extrusion. The elastic modulus and yield strength of the nickel particle-reinforced magnesium alloy nano-composite was higher than both the unreinforced magnesium alloy and the unreinforced magnesium alloy nanocomposite (AZ31/1.5 vol.% $Al_2O_3$). The ultimate tensile strength of the nickel particle reinforced composite was noticeably lower than both the unreinforced nano-composite and the monolithic alloy (AZ31). The ductility, quantified by elongation-to-failure, of the reinforced nanocomposite was noticeably higher than both the unreinforced nano-composite and the monolithic alloy. Tensile fracture behavior of this novel material was essentially normal to the far-field stress axis and revealed microscopic features reminiscent of the occurrence of locally ductile failure mechanisms at the fine microscopic level.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제73권1호
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• pp.53-64
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• 2020

In different high seismic regions around the world, many non-ductile existing reinforced concrete frame buildings, built without adequate seismic detailing requirements, have been damaged or collapsed after past earthquakes. The assessment and the retrofit of these non-ductile concrete structures is crucial theme of research for all the scientific community of engineers. In particular, a careful assessment of the existing building is fundamental for understanding the failure mechanisms that govern the collapse of the structure or the achievement of the recommended limit states. Based on the seismic assessment, the best retrofit strategy can be designed and applied to the structure. A school building located in Avellino province (Italy) is the case study. The analysis of seismic vulnerability carried out on the mentioned building has highlighted deficiencies in both static and seismic load conditions. The retrofit of the building has been designed based on different retrofit options in order to show the real retrofit design developed from the engineers to achieve the seismic safety of the building. The retrofit costs associated to structural operations are calculated for each case and have been summed up to the costs of the in situ tests. The paper shows a real retrofit design case study in which the best solution is chosen based on the results in terms of structural performance and cost among the different retrofit options.

• 국제강구조저널
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1784-1800
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• 2018

Tension-shear loading is a common loading condition in steel structures during the earthquake shaking. To study ductile fracture in structural steel under multiple stress states, experimental investigations on the different fracture mechanisms in Chinese Q235 steel were conducted. Different tension-shear loading conditions achieved by using six groups of inclined notch butterfly configurations covering pure shear, tension-shear and pure tension cases. Numerical simulations were carried out for all the specimens to determine the stress and strain fields within the critical sections. Two tension-shear fracture models were calibrated based on the hybrid experimental-numerical procedure. The equivalent fracture strain obtained from the round bar under tensile loading was used for evaluating these two models. The results indicated that the tension-shear criterion as a function of the shear fracture parameter had better performance in predicting the fracture initiation of structural steel under different loading conditions.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제72권4호
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• pp.469-477
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• 2019

The understanding of tool-rock interaction mechanism is of high essence for improving the rock breaking efficiency and optimizing the drilling parameters in mechanical rock breaking. In this study, the tool-rock interaction models of indentation and cutting are carried out by employing the discrete element method (DEM) to examine the rock failure modes of various brittleness rocks and critical indentation and cutting depths of the ductile to brittle failure mode transition. The results show that the cluster size and inter-cluster to intra-cluster bond strength ratio are the key factors which influence the UCS magnitude and the UCS to BTS ratio. The UCS to BTS strength ratio can be increased to a more realistic value using clustered rock model so that the characteristics of real rocks can be better represented. The critical indentation and cutting depth decrease with the brittleness of rock increases and the decreasing rate reduces dramatically against the brittleness value. This effort may lead to a better understanding of rock breaking mechanisms in mechanical excavation, and may contribute to the improvement in the design of rock excavation machines and the related parameters determination.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.202-208
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• 2009

The effects of aging time on the microstructure and shear strength of the Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC)/Ag pad/Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG)/BGA solder joints were investigated through isothermal aging at $150^{\circ}C$ for 1000 h with conventional Sn-37Pb and Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu. $Ni_3Sn_4$ intermetallic compound (IMC) layers was formed at the interface between Sn-37Pb solder and LTCC substrate as-reflowed state, while $(Ni,Cu)_3Sn_4$ IMC layer was formed between Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu solder and LTCC substrate. Additional $(Cu,Ni)_6Sn_5$ layer was found at the interface between the $(Ni,Cu)_3Sn_4$ layer and Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu solder after aging at $150^{\circ}C$ for 500 h. Thickness of the IMC layers increased and coarsened with increasing aging time. Shear strength of both solder joints increased with increasing aging time. Failure mode of BGA solder joints with LTCC substrate after shear testing revealed that shear strength of the joints depended on the adhesion between Ag metallization and LTCC. Fracture mechanism of Sn-37Pb solder joint was a mixture of ductile and pad lift, while that of Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu solder joint was a mixture of ductile and brittle $(Ni,Cu)_3Sn_4$ IMC fracture morphology. Failure mechanisms of LTCC/Ag pad/ENIG/BGA solder joints were also interpreted by finite element analyses.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.57-75
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• 2014

This paper presents an analysis of the results of an experimental program on the performance of a novel configuration of a hybrid FRP-concrete beam. The beam section consists of a GFRP pultruded profile, a CFRP laminate, and a concrete block all wrapped up using filament winding. It was found that the thickness of the concrete block and the confinement by the filament-wound wrapping had a profound effect on the energy dissipation behaviour of the beam. Using a shear punching model, and comparing the predicted results with the experimental ones, it was found that beyond a given value of the concrete block thickness, the deformational behaviour of the beam shifts from brittle to ductile. It was also found that the filament-wound wrap had many benefits such as providing a composite action between the concrete block and the GFRP box, improving the stiffness of the beam, and most importantly, enhancing the load carrying ability through induced confinement of the concrete.