• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.286-294
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• 2019

Background: At the end of the'Waste Drug Disposal Project', collection and disposal of waste drugs remain a social issue. Objective: This study aimed to provide suggestions to improve the drug waste management system in Korea by comparing domestic and overseas relevant programs. Methods: This is a comparative study between South Korea, Australia, Canada, France, and the US. These overseas countries were selected because they have been operating waste drug management programs continuously to date. Comparison was conducted by a pre-determined analysis frame including legal regulation, enforcement program and its performance. Results: All selected countries except Australia had legal regulations on drug wastes. The US had the largest variety of drug waste disposal methods. Canada had recommended that pharmacies actively participate in drug waste withdrawal programs. France had the largest variety of methods to promote relevant programs, including window sticker, SNS, and app, as well as the highest level of awareness and participation. Australia had the lowest level of awareness and participation in pharmaceutical waste management programs. Pharmaceutical companies took responsibility of paying for these programs in the selected overseas countries. Conclusion: Further efforts should be made to establish a clear guideline including the role of pharmaceutical companies, and to develop various methods for the public to be aware of appropriate ways of disposing drug wastes in Korea.

• 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방사성폐기물학회 2004년도 학술대회지
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• pp.249-249
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• 2004

• 약학회지
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2009

Most of families in Korea keep some medicines that has been expired or not been used for a long time, and these medicines could be causing environmental or social problems. Currently many people concerned about their health and therefore show a tendency to visit many health facilities. It eventually brings to remain more medication in home The aim of this study is to determine the drug waste minimization and drug disposal in Korean home and provide the proper guideline for them. This study were performed by visiting total randomly selected 140 homes at the Seoul area from July 23rd, 2008 to July 31st, 2008 by questionnaire. This survey comprised total 6 parts and total 22 questions. In results, 77 (55.0%) among 140 families answered to this survey. 89.6% of families keep unused medicine in the home. Most were tablet (66.3%) and syrup (19.2%) dosage type. They usually kept the unused medicine in the room (41.6%) or no certain place. 76.6% families reused the medicine and used for themselves. The reason for reuse is similar symptoms by their decision. The reason for medicine was left over is not following the prescription's direction (31.3%). They mostly dispose the unused medications by throwing into a trash can (71.4%). In conclusion, many families keeps unused medication and it could cause health and environmental problems.

• 서비스연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.48-68
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• 2024

코로나 바이러스의 글로벌 팬데믹 여파로 인해 사회적으로 건강관리의 중요성이 더욱 강조되고 있다. 이러한 변화의 영향으로 국내 제약회사들은 정기적인 의약품 배달 서비스, 즉 의약품 및 건강기능식품 구독 서비스를 도입하였다. 현재 이 시장은 지속적으로 성장하고 있는 추세이다. 그러나 이러한 정기 서비스는 복용하지 않은 약이 남아 폐의약품이 증가하는 새로운 환경 문제를 야기한다. 폐의약품 관련하여, 환경부는 폐의약품을 일반 생활 쓰레기와 분리하여 수거 및 처리하도록 규정하였지만 실제로 이 규정이 충분히 이행되지 않는 것이 현실이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 폐의약품의 양을 줄이면서 건강관리를 촉진하는 규칙적인 약 복용 관리뿐만 아니라 약물 폐기에 대한 인식과 실천을 함께 향상하기 위한 서비스를 제안한다. 서비스 설계를 위한 사전조사로, 성인 51명을 대상으로 약 복용 습관 및 폐의약품 수거에 대한 인식을 확인하는 설문조사를 실시하였다. 허니콤 (Honey Comb) 모델을 기반으로 서비스 설계의 가이드라인을 만들고, 사전조사 결과와 서비스 디자인 방법론을 활용하여 서비스를 구체화하여 프로토타입을 제작하였다. 프로토타입의 사용성을 검증하기 위해, 1차 사용자 태스크 조사를 진행하여 프로토타입의 문제점을 파악하였고, 이를 개선한 후 서비스의 효과성을 확인하고자 성인 49명을 대상으로 2차 사용성 검증을 하였다. 사용성 검증은 SPSS Mac 버전 29.0을 사용하여 설문 자료분석을 실시하였다. 설문의 평가결과는 빈도분석 (Frequency Analysis)과 평가 항목 간의 연관성을 확인하기 위하여 스피어만 상관분석 (Spearmann Correlation Analysis)을 진행하였다. 본 연구는 의약품 구독 서비스 확산에 따른 폐의약품 문제에 대한 해결책을 제시하고자 하였으며, 지속가능한 디자인을 고려한 건강 관리 서비스에 대한 기초 연구로서 의의가 있다.

• 약학회지
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.262-267
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• 2014

Unused medication disposal is a burden due to the cost of disposing as well as the cost of the drugs. Investigating medication returns is expected to suggest areas of intervention to reduce unused medications. Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine types, quantity, costs, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and therapeutic category of the medications returned to community pharmacies. Method: From January 15, 2014 to February 28, 2014, the medications returned to the 17 community pharmacies in Gimhae, Jinju, and Incheon, Korea were examined. The pharmacists and student volunteers worked cooperatively to identify the medications and analyze drug cost of prescription pill medications returned to the pharmacies. Results: A total of 2,720 pills of prescription medication were analyzed and 91 active pharmaceutical ingredients were identified. According to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification, the most predominant group was A (alimentary tract and metabolism) with 33.3%, followed by N (nervous system) with 15.0%. With regard to the drug cost of groups, group A was the highest with 26.6%, followed by J01 (antibacterials for systemic use) with 20.2% and N (nervous system) with 18.3%. The total cost of the oral pill prescription medications was 468,477 won. Conclusion: The result from this study implies that unused drugs impose a significant cost to the health care system in Korea. In this study, medicines used to treat gastrointestinal conditions were returned most frequently with the highest drug cost. Further research in nationwide level is necessary to establish strategies to reduce the wastage of unused medicines.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.268-279
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• 2023

The pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh produces a diverse range of antibiotics for human and animal use, however, waste disposal management is inadequate. This results in substantial quantities of antibiotics being discharged into water bodies, which provide suitable environment for the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, capable of spreading resistance genes. This study intended for exploring the bacterial antibiotic resistance profile in adjoining aquatic environmental sources of pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Bangladesh. Seven surface water samples were collected from the vicinity of two pharmaceutical industries located in the Savar area and 51 Escherichia coli isolates were identified using both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antibiotic susceptibility tests revealed the highest percentage of resistance against ampicillin, azithromycin, and nalidixic acid (100%) and the lowest resistance against meropenem (1.96%) out of sixteen different antibiotics tested. 100% of the study E. coli isolates were observed with Multidrug resistance phenotypes, with the Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) value ranging from 0.6-1.0. Furthermore, 69% of the isolates were Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) positive as per the Double Disk Diffusion Synergy Test (DDST). ESBL resistance genes bla_TEM, bla_CTX-M-13, bla_CTX-M-15, and bla_SHV were detected in 70.6% (n = 36), 60.8% (n = 32), 54.9% (n = 28), and 1.96% (n = 1) of the isolates, respectively, by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Additionally, 15.68% (n = 8) of the isolates were positive for E. coli specific virulence genes in PCR. These findings suggest that pharmaceutical wastewater, if not properly treated, could be a formidable source of antibiotic resistance spread in the surrounding aquatic environment. Therefore, continued surveillance for drug resistance among bacterial populations around drug manufacturing facilities in Bangladesh is necessary, along with proper waste disposal management.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.341-344
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• 1997

제약공정에서 생성되는 폐기은행잎이 유기물자원으로서 활용가능한지를 검토하고자 일반 폐기은행잎과 물추출폐기은행잎을 토양과 혼합처리한 후 삼풍벼를 재배하여 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 벼의 생육은 폐기은행잎의 시용으로 억제되었으며, 억제효과는 폐기은행잎의 시용량이 많을수록 뚜렸하였다. 2. 벼의 종실중은 폐기은행잎의 시용으로 감소하였으며, 폐기은행잎의 처리방법은 일반폐기은행잎 보다 물추출폐기은행잎에서 감수정도가 적은 경향이었다. 3. 수확기 식물체중 전질소, $K_2O$, CaO, $SiO_2$ 함량 그리고 수확후 토양중 pH, 유기물, 전질소, 인산, CEC, 치환성 Ca 함량은 폐기은행잎의 시용으로 증대되었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.107-111
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• 2014

Unused medication disposal is a problem due to the cost of disposing as well as potential risk of inadvertent dosing. Investigating medication returns is expected to suggest areas for targeting interventions to reduce medication waste. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine types of medications and identify the expiration date of the medications returned to the community pharmacies through "Drug-Take Back" program. Method: From October 10, 2012 to November 14, 2012, the medications returned to the 58 community pharmacies in Korea were examined. Results: A total of 22,160 g of pill medications were collected; 52.8% for prescription drugs and 47.2% for non-prescription drugs, respectively. The weight of the expired pill medications was more than 5 times that of the non-expired pill medications. On the other hand, 6,168 ml of liquid medications were returned; 80.0% for prescription medication and 20.0% for non-prescription medications, respectively. Of the total oral liquid medications, the volume of the expired medications was more than 5 times that of the non-expired medications. Conclusion: The majority of medications returned to the community pharmacies were prescription drugs rather than non-prescription drugs. In addition, most of the drugs were expired when they returned.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.612-619
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• 2015

We have synthesized gold nanoparticles (GNPs) using chicken feathers (poultry waste) and Bacillus subtilis RSE163. Disulfide reductase and keratinase produced by Bacillus subtilis during the degradation of chicken feather has been used to reduce Au³⁺ from HAuCl₄ precursor to produce gold nanoparticles. The synthesized biogenic GNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential measurements. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of protein capping on synthesized GNPs, imparting multifunctionality to the GNP surface. Furthermore, the nontoxic nature of biogenic GNPs was insured by interaction with Escherichia coli (ATCC11103), where TEM images and enhancement of growth rate of E. coli in log phase signified their nontoxic nature. The results indicate that the synthesis of biocompatible GNPs using poultry waste may find potential applications in drug delivery and sensing.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.193-201
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate employee exposures to waste anesthetic gases, such as enflurane and sevoflurane in operating rooms of general surgical, children's and dental clinics of a large hospital located in Seoul and to analyze factors affecting the concentrations of waste anesthetic gases. The results of the study are summarized below. 1. Based on results of personal and area samples for airborne enflurane, all of the employees investigated in this study were exposed to airborne enflurane concentrations below the ACGIH-threshold limit value (TLV) of 75 ppm. 2. However, based on results of personal samples for sevoflurane, employees of two (2) out of eleven (11) operating rooms were exposed to sevoflurane concentrations in excess of the NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) of 2 ppm. A similar trend was found in the area samples. 3. To investigate the source of sevoflurane emissions, airborne sevoflurane concentrations were measured on an anesthesia machine, a drug cabinet and a desk. It was indicated that the geometric means were 0.93 ppm, 0.83 ppm and 0.72 ppm, respectively. 4. Factors affecting waste anesthetic gas concentrations were the age of anesthesia machine, the volume of operating room and the extent of ventilation (p<0.05). 5. It is recommended that the use of anesthesia equipments be properly controlled, the operating room be well ventilated, and the airborne concentrations of anesthetic gases be continuously monitored.