• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.54 no.5
• /
• pp.1606-1615
• /
• 2022

For investigating whether the MARSSIM nonparametric test has sufficient statistical power when a site has a specific contamination distribution before conducting a final status survey (FSS), a novel approach was proposed to predict the release probability of the site. Five distributions were assumed: lognormal distribution, normal distribution, maximum extreme value distribution, minimum extreme value distribution, and uniform distribution. Hypothetical radioactivity populations were generated for each distribution, and Sign tests were performed to predict the release probabilities after extracting samples using Monte Carlo simulations. The designed Type I error (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1) was always satisfied for all distributions, while the designed Type II error (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1) was not always met for the uniform, maximum extreme value, and lognormal distributions. Through detailed analyses for lognormal and normal distributions which are often found for contaminants in actual environmental or soil samples, it was found that a greater statistical power was obtained from survey units with normal distribution than with lognormal distribution. This study is expected to contribute to achieving the designed decision error when the contamination distribution of a survey unit is identified, by predicting whether the survey unit passes the statistical test before undertaking the FSS according to MARSSIM.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.593-607
• /
• 2012

The Ministry of Environment have started the 'National Ecosystem Survey' since 1986. It has been carried out nationwide every ten years as the largest survey project in Korea. The second one and the third one produced the GIS-based inventory of species. Three survey methods were different from each other. There were few studies for species distribution using national survey data in Korea. The purposes of this study are to test species distribution models for finding the most suitable modeling methods for the National Ecosystem Survey data and to investigate the modeling results according to survey methods and taxonominal group. Occurrence data of nine species were extracted from the National Ecosystem Survey by taxonomical group (plant, mammal, and bird). Plants are Korean winter hazel (Corylopsis coreana), Iris odaesanensis (Iris odaesanensis), and Berchemia (Berchemia berchemiaefolia). Mammals are Korean Goral (Nemorhaedus goral), Marten (Martes flavigula koreana), and Leopard cat (Felis bengalensis). Birds are Black Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius), Eagle Owl (Bubo Bubo), and Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo). Environmental variables consisted of climate, topography, soil and vegetation structure. Two modeling methods (GAM, Maxent) were tested across nine species, and predictive species maps of target species were produced. The results of this study were as follows. Firstly, Maxent showed similar 5 cross-validated AUC with GAM. Maxent is more useful model to develop than GAM because National Ecosystem Survey data has presence-only data. Therefore, Maxent is more useful species distribution model for National Ecosystem Survey data. Secondly, the modeling results between the second and third survey methods showed sometimes different because of each different surveying methods. Therefore, we need to combine two data for producing a reasonable result. Lastly, modeling result showed different predicted distribution pattern by taxonominal group. These results should be considered if we want to develop a species distribution model using the National Ecosystem Survey and apply it to a nationwide biodiversity research.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.77-87
• /
• 2015

Purpose - This study aims to investigate the current state of distribution terminology usage by retailers and consumers nationwide, and to suggest a practical improvement plan for its standardization. The Korean distribution industry is closely related to consumers' daily lives. However, in reality, there exists a gap among producers, distributors, and consumers in terms of the definition, understanding, and perception of the terminology. Therefore, standardizing this terminology is essential for more smooth communication. This paper suggests the necessity of committing overall research and survey activities to the actual conditions of using Korean distribution terminology by organizations and their respective management situations, and further, the necessity of probing the problem and its measures in line with the objective and mission of the "Fundamental Law of the Korean Language." Research design, data, and methodology - This study's scope is limited to wholesale and retail including some information systems. First, the study covers most written material including lexicons and glossary of distribution terminology, university textbooks and teaching material for national certificate of qualification, and related laws and ordinances. Second, the survey covers retailers' management situations by store format. The retailers used as the sample for the survey include department stores, discount stores, SSM, and convenience stores. Altogether, 20 specialists were interviewed in their respective sectors or retail formats. Finally, the project team surveyed a sample of 1,300 consumers nationwide on 50 distribution terms mainly used by consumers, including those about awareness, understanding, usage, and attitude. Results - In total, 1,249 terms are drawn through literature research including distribution terminology used in the related literature, glossary and lexicons, distribution terminology in textbooks, and legal terminology. A classified table comprises four large categories including general distribution, distribution marketing, distribution information, and merchandise. The results of the three-step research including literature survey, field survey of retailers, and consumer survey were advised to be screened by academia (retail associations, faculty etc.), retailers (major retail management by store format), retail specialists and consultants, consumers, and Korean linguists. In total, 1,300 questionnaires for 50 terms of the distribution terminology closely associated with consumers were distributed to subjects nationwide. Conclusions - The desired and expected results from this study are summarized from three perspectives as follows: First, from retailers' perspective, a new concept, or coinage of new terms of the distribution industry stems from advanced countries such as America and Europe. However, the original meaning and definition are diluted and distorted with changes in the language users' situations and context. This study provides basic guidelines for standardization of distribution terms used among various retail formats in most daily life situations that consumers encounter. Second, from the nation's perspective, this study suggests optimal choices of distribution terminology in the context of laws and ordinances regarding concerned Ministries. Last, from the consumers' perspective, this paper enables consumers to understand and use distribution terms properly in their daily life.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.386-393
• /
• 2011

This study suggests an algorithm for estimating joint diameter distribution in rock mass from the joint trace length distribution around a circular tunnel. For estimating the joint diameter distribution, the concept of Joint Center Volume (JCV) suggested by Song. (2005) was applied and the calculation method of JCV for the cylindrical window survey was developed by using the complete survey method. The estimated joint diameter distribution was verified against the original joint diameter distribution by Monte-Carlo simulation. It was observed that the estimated joint diameter distribution was converged to the original joint diameter distribution with less than 20% of error.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
• /
• 2005.10a
• /
• pp.639-648
• /
• 2005

Up to now, practical engineers applying simplicity value of rockfall block weight suggested in design manual without considering in-situ rockfall block weight which reflect joint characteristics. However, the size of rockfall block varies with joint spacing of discontinuities and influences over rockfall analysis results. In this paper, we estimate realistic rockfall block weight distribution using statistical invariances of joint spacing derived from scan-line survey result. And, we study whether this distribution is applicable in practical rockfall analysis directly. As the results of this study, rockfall analysis results that using rockfall block weight distribution estimated from scan-line survey show resonable and realistic outcomes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.30-38
• /
• 2014

Hydro-acoustic survey was carried out to investigate the spatial characteristics of fish distribution near two artificial reefs (AO: large octagonal semi-sphere and AC: combined custom built) having different types in Jeju marine ranching area. The survey system consisted of scientific echo sounder (EK60), DGPS system, and ECDIS (Mecys). Field survey was conducted on August and October 2012 with star survey and line transect survey line method, and species composition was investigated from gill net fishing survey. The acoustic signals from individual fishes and small fish schools were mainly recorded around AO, but large and strong signals from large fish school were mainly detected in the top layer of and the water column near AC. The echogram suggest that the fish aggregation for the two types of AO and AC exist the significant difference in fish species and spatial distribution pattern.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.395-405
• /
• 2013

The aim of this study is to suggest an optimal survey method for coastal habitat monitoring around Weno Island in Chuuk Atoll, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). This study was carried out to compare and analyze differences between in situ survey (PHOTS) and high spatial satellite imagery (Worldview-2) with regard to the coastal habitat distribution patterns of Weno Island. The in situ field data showed the following coverage of habitat types: sand 42.4%, seagrass 26.1%, algae 14.9%, rubble 8.9%, hard coral 3.5%, soft coral 2.6%, dead coral 1.5%, others 0.1%. The satellite imagery showed the following coverage of habitat types: sand 26.5%, seagrass 23.3%, sand + seagrass 12.3%, coral 18.1%, rubble 19.0%, rock 0.8% (Accuracy 65.2%). According to the visual interpretation of the habitat map by in situ survey, seagrass, sand, coral and rubble distribution were misaligned compared with the satellite imagery. While, the satellite imagery appear to be a plausible results to identify habitat types, it could not classify habitat types under one pixel in images, which in turn overestimated coral and rubble coverage, underestimated algae and sand. The differences appear to arise primarily because of habitat classification scheme, sampling scale and remote sensing reflectance. The implication of these results is that satellite imagery analysis needs to incorporate in situ survey data to accurately identify habitat. We suggest that satellite imagery must correspond with in situ survey in habitat classification and sampling scale. Subsequently habitat sub-segmentation based on the in situ survey data should be applied to satellite imagery.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
• /
• 1999.03a
• /
• pp.399-406
• /
• 1999

Recently, the construction of the several highway bridges in the karst area have encountered severe problems associated with cavities and sinkholes. To solve this problems, it is important to understand the distribution characteristics of cavities in the construction site on limestone area. This paper briefly describes the different types, the distribution control factors and the infill sediment types of lime-cavities in the study area, bridge site in the karst area and propose the effective method of survey design. Cavity system may be divided into two main groups, 1)'slot and cave system'and 2)'sinkhole and cave system'. And the shape, the size and the distribution pattern of cavity are controlled by three main factors - rock type, geological structure and ground water condition. Additionally, infill sediment may be considered as one of the important design factors for foundation design and divided into four types by sediment properties. There are geophysical thechnics and geologic survey and drilling test, etc. by the survey method to interpretate characteristics of cavity system, and this methods are optimally designed at the site investigation stage.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.10 no.12
• /
• pp.5-11
• /
• 2012

Purpose - This paper proposes measurement models to evaluate the management performance of small and medium-sized retail businesses on the basis of a trading area analysis that compares their proposed revenue to actual revenue in the trading area. Research design, data, methodology - The study proposes measurement models consisting of five stages, namely: (1) district background survey, (2) customer survey, (3) competitor survey, (4) business district survey, and (5) business performance analysis. Results - To identify business districts easily, this study preferred a minor-adjusted method based on the Euclidean distance, as it is simple to employ for the small and medium-sized businesses. This model was applied to select coffee shops in Daejeon. Results indicated that although the targeted shop was not located in an appropriate location, actual sales were higher than expected. Conclusions - Small- or medium-sized retail businesses face difficulties regarding the economies of scale and brand recognition and must choose an appropriate location to ensure management stability. However, such businesses will find it difficult to evaluate their competitive edge accurately using a trading area analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
• /
• 2008.10a
• /
• pp.1285-1289
• /
• 2008

Increasing the flood control capacity's link that is enforcing to existing dam by unusual change of weather, While build planing construction by exiting spillway of tunnel type to dam, could know that part bed rock is formed as is different with design. Grasped topography of research area and geology state to definite distribution aspect of different bed rock, Place that achieved Surface geological Survey and correct Survey is difficult in some section enforced Electrical resistivity dipole-dipole investigation. Grasped stratigraphy distribution confirmation and fracture or weathering zone making out siding 2D-Resistivity Electrical resistivity diagram and Reverse analysis diagram, examining closely soil weathered rock rock's distribution state, established stability countermeasure plan