• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.471-488
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• 2018

In this paper, we propose extending proportional hazards frailty models to allow a discrete distribution for the frailty variable. Having zero frailty can be interpreted as being immune or cured. Thus, we develop a new survival model induced by discrete frailty with zero-inflated power series distribution, which can account for overdispersion. This proposal also allows for a realistic description of non-risk individuals, since individuals cured due to intrinsic factors (immunes) are modeled by a deterministic fraction of zero-risk while those cured due to an intervention are modeled by a random fraction. We put the proposed model in a Bayesian framework and use a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for the computation of posterior distribution. A simulation study is conducted to assess the proposed model and the computation algorithm. We also discuss model selection based on pseudo-Bayes factors as well as developing case influence diagnostics for the joint posterior distribution through ${\psi}-divergence$ measures. The motivating cutaneous melanoma data is analyzed for illustration purposes.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2003

저분자량 SBR (액상 SBR)이 실리카로 보강된 SBR 배합물의 특성에 미치는 영향에 대해 연구하였다. 액상 SBR을 실리카로 보강된 SBR 배합물에 첨가하면 점도가 낮아졌다. 가교밀도는 액상 SBR의 함량이 증가함에 따라 감소하였고 가창속도는 느려졌다. 모듈러스와 인장강도는 액상 SBR의 함량이 증가할수록 낮아졌고 신율은 증가하였다. 마모 특성은 액상 SBR의 함량에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이는 액상 SBR의 첨가에 의해 실리카 분산이 향상되었기 때문으로 여겨진다. 실험결과를 종합해 볼 때, 5 phr 이하의 적은 양의 액상 SBR을 사용하는 것이 실리카로 보강된 SBR 배합물의 특성을 향상시키는데 바람직할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국공작기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공작기계학회 2001년도 추계학술대회(한국공작기계학회)
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• pp.324-329
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• 2001

The destructive method is reliable and widely used for the estimation of material degradation but, it have time-consuming and a great difficulty in preparing specimens from in-service industrial facilities. Therefore, the estimation of degraded structural materials by nondestructive evaluation is strongly desired. In this paper, the use of guided wave was suggested for the evaluation of thermally damaged 2.25 Cr-lMo steel as an alternative way to compensate for limitations of fracture tests. The observation of microstructure variations of the material including carbide precipitation increase and spheroidization near grain boundary was conducted and the correlation with the guided wave features such as energy loss ratio and group velocity changes was investigated. Through this study, the feasibility of ultrasonic guided wave evaluation for thermally damaged materials was explored.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.81-92
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• 2016

1,3-Diphenylguanidine (DPG) is commonly used as a secondary accelerator which not only acts as booster of cure but also activating silanization reaction. The aim of this study is to increase the interaction between silica and rubber by using DPG. In this study, mixing was proceeded in two steps. The T-1 compound is mixed DPG with silica and silane coupling agent in the kneader at high temperature which is named as $1^{st}$ mixing step. T-3 compound is mixed DPG with curatives in the two-roll mill at low temperature which is named as $2^{nd}$ mixing step. The T-2 compound is mixed a half of DPG in $1^{st}$ mixing step and the remainder is mixed in $2^{nd}$ mixing step. Total DPG content was equal for all compounds. When DPG is mixed with silica, silane coupling agent during the $1^{st}$ mixing step, a decrease in cure rate and an increase in scorch time can be seen. This indicates that DPG is adsorbed on the surface of silica. during rubber processing. However, bound rubber content is increased and dynamic properties are improved. These results are due to the highly accelerated silanization reaction. However, there are no significant difference in 100%, 300% modulus.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.54-60
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• 2019

The rapid development of the automobile industry is an important factor that led to the dramatic development of synthetic rubber. The tread part of tire that comes in direct contact with the road surface is related to the service life of the tire. Rubber compounds used in tire treads are often blended with SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber) and BR (butadiene rubber) to satisfy physical property requirements. However, when two or more kinds of rubber are blended, phase separation and silica dispersion problems may occur due to non-uniform mixing of the rubber. Therefore, in this study, we synthesized an SBR copolymer with the same composition as that of a typical SBR/BR blend compound by controlling butadiene content during ESBR (emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber) synthesis. Subsequently, silica filled compounds were manufactured using the synthesized ESBR, and their mechanical properties, dynamic viscoelasticity, and crosslinking density were compared with those of the SBR/BR blended compound. When the content of butadiene was increased in the silica filled compound, the cure rate accelerated due to an increased number of allylic positions, which typically exhibit higher reactivity. However, the T-2 compound with increased butadiene content by synthesis less likely to show an increase in crosslink density due to poor silica dispersion. In addition, the T-3 compound containing high cis BR content showed high crosslink density due to its monosulfide crosslinking structure. Because of the phase separation, SBR/BR blend compounds were easily broken and showed similar $M_{100%}$ and $M_{300%}$ values as those of other compounds despite their high crosslink density. However, the developed blend showed excellent abrasion resistance due to the high cis-1,4 butadiene content and low rolling resistance due to the high crosslink density.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.242-248
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• 2017

Wet masterbatch (WMB) technology is studied to develop high-content and highly disperse silica-filled compounds. This technology refers to the solidification of surface-modified silica with a rubber solution or latex. Until now, researchs based on styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/silica WMB has been mainly performed. However, the blending of SBR/silica WMB and BR is not known and is currently under research and development. Therefore, in this study, the BR blending method suitable for emulsion (ESBR)/silica WMB is investigated by measuring their cure characteristics and the mechanical and dynamic viscoelastic properties. As a result, it was confirmed that the blending of ESBR/silica WMB and BR/silica dry masterbatch is most appropriate. However, it showed a disadvantage compared with the conventional mixing method, which was due to the surfactant remained and the sulfuric acid used as the coagulant.

• 폴리머
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.220-227
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• 2000

충전물의 함량비 및 배합방법을 달리하여 실리카/카본블랙 충전 천연고무 가황물을 제조하였다. 충전물의 함량은 고무에 대해 70 phr이 되도록 하였으며, 이들을 동시에 배합하여 제조한 가황물과 실리카를 먼저 배합하고 일정 시간 경과 후 카본블랙을 배합하여 제조한 가황물의 가황특성, 모폴로지, 그리고 인열특성 및 크랙성장속도 등의 파열특성을 비교하였다. 가공시, 단계배합물은 동시배합물보다 경화 속도($t_{90}$ )는 약간 느렸으나, 긴 유도시간($t_2$), 낮은 최대 토오크 값($T_{max}$ )을 보였다. 단계 배합물은 인열특성 및 크랙성장 특성에 있어서도 상대적으로 우수함을 보였으며, 실리카의 함량이 30 phr인 경우에 가공성 및 파열 특성이 가장 우수하였다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.20-31
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to investigate the reinforcement of inorganic filler silica, treated by MDI about SBR vulcanizate. The characteristics of vulcanization, physical properties, surface properties and dynamic properties were investigated after mixing those silica with SBR and unmodified silica with SBR. In this experiment only the quantity of silica was variable. In the vulcanization characteristics tested by rheometer, S-series showed the fastest scorch $time(t_{10})$ and optimum cure $time(t_{90})$. And in test or tensile characteristics hardness, tensile strength, 100%, 300% modulus and elongation were all appeared in the order of M>S-series. The characteristic bonding of urea between unmodified silica and MDI could be confirmed in IR spectrum. The shapes of silicas treated chemically were observed by SEM. And the dispersion of the filler in the SBR composite was uniform. In the dynamic characteristics by the RDS, the order of elastic modulus G' values was as follows : M>S-series, and also the order of damping values was as follows : M>S-series.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.152-163
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• 2021

Liquid butadiene rubber (LqBR) is used as a processing aid and plays a vital role in the manufacture of high-performance tire tread compounds. In this study, center-functionalized LqBR (C-LqBR) was polymerized with different vinyl content via anionic polymerization. The effects of the vinyl content on the properties of the compounds were investigated by partially replacing the treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) oil with C-LqBR in silica-filled rubber compounds. C-LqBR compounds showed a low Payne effect and Mooney viscosity regardless of the vinyl content, because of improved silica dispersion due to the ethoxysilyl group. As the vinyl content of C-LqBR increased, the optimum cure time (t₉₀) increased owing to a decrease in the number of allylic hydrogen. Moreover, the glass transition temperature (T_g) of the compound increased, and snow traction and abrasion resistance performance decreased, whereas wet grip improved. The energy loss characteristics revealed that the hysteresis attributed to the free chain ends of C-LqBR was dominant.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.27-39
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 컴파운딩법 (compounding method)과 라텍스법 (latex method)을 이용하여 dodecylamine으로 유기화한 MMT(DA-MMT)로 보강된 천연고무-클레이 나노 복합재료를 제조하였다. 또한 Cloisite 15A, carbon black, Na-MMT 충전 배합고무와 라텍스법 (latex method)을 이용한 DA-MMT 충전 배합고무의 가황 특성 및 기계적 물성을 비교하였다. 카본블랙을 제외한 모든 충전제의 함량은 10 phr로 고정하였다. XRD 패턴을 분석한 결과 롤밀 작업 후에 가장 많은 삽입과 박리가 이루어져 NR/DA-MMT 나노 복합재료에서는 DA-MMT의 전체 silicates layer가 $13{\sim}14$층에서 $2{\sim}3$층의 silicates의 형태로 박리된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 하지만, 가교 과정에서의 높은 열과 압력으로 인해 일부 유기화제가 빠져나감으로써 층간 거리가 감소된 DA-MMT도 존재하였다. 이는 TEM 결과에서도 확인할 수 있었다. 가교도의 경우 NR/Cloisite 15A 컴파운드가 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 하지만 가황 특성에서 동일 함량의 충전제가 첨가된 고무의 가황 특성을 비교하면, NR/DA-MMT 컴파운드가 가장 높은 ODR 토크 값을 나타내었고, 또한 가장 높은 인장 강도, 모듈러스 및 인열강도를 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 기계적 물성 증가는 가교도의 증가 효과보다 나노 크기로 분산된 DA-MMT의 우수한 보강 효과 때문이다. 또한 혼합 방법을 달리한 NR/DA-MMT 나노 복합재료(컴파운딩법) 대비 NR/DA-MMT 나노 복합재료(라텍스법)가 클레이의 박리정도 및 분산도의 차이로 인해 높은 모듈러스, 인장강도 및 인열강도를 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었다