• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.186-190
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• 2006

"Dynamic Neural Unit"(DNU) based upon the topology of a reverberating circuit in a neuronal pool of the central nervous system. In this thesis, we present a genetic DNU-control scheme for unknown nonlinear systems. Our methodis different from those using supervised learning algorithms, such as the backpropagation (BP) algorithm, that needs training information in each step. The contributions of this thesis are the new approach to constructing neural network architecture and its trainin.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.39-52
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• 2011

We are developing a biomimetic robot based on the Sea Lamprey. The robot consists of a cylindrical electronics bay propelled by an undulatory body axis. Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators generate propagating flexion waves in five undulatory segments of a polyurethane strip. The behavior of the robot is controlled by an electronic nervous system (ENS) composed of networks of discrete-time map-based neurons and synapses that execute on a digital signal processing chip. Motor neuron action potentials gate power transistors that apply current to the SMA actuators. The ENS consists of a set of segmental central pattern generators (CPGs), modulated by layered command and coordinating neuron networks, that integrate input from exteroceptive sensors including a compass, accelerometers, inclinometers and a short baseline sonar array (SBA). The CPGs instantiate the 3-element hemi-segmental network model established from physiological studies. Anterior and posterior propagating pathways between CPGs mediate intersegmental coordination to generate flexion waves for forward and backward swimming. The command network mediates layered exteroceptive reflexes for homing, primary orientation, and impediment compensation. The SBA allows homing on a sonar beacon by indicating deviations in azimuth and inclination. Inclinometers actuate a bending segment between the hull and undulator to allow climb and dive. Accelerometers can distinguish collisions from impediment to allow compensatory reflexes. Modulatory commands mediate speed control and turning. A SBA communications interface is being developed to allow supervised reactive autonomy.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

Objectives: Cold Hypersensitivity of Hands and Feet (CHHF) has been diagnosed objectively by Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging (DITI) and has been known to be associated with autonomic nervous system (ANS), which can be assessed by Heart Rate Variability (HRV). This study evaluated the correlation between severity of CHHF and HRV variables.Methods: We studied 155 non-menopausal women with CHHF who visited Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong from 01 October 2013 to 30 April 2016. We measured DITI and HRV of each patient. We used DITI to calculate the severity of CHHF with thermal difference between upper arm (L4, 俠白穴) and palm (P8, 勞宮穴) of both hands and anterior thigh (ST32, 伏兎穴) and dorsum of foot (LI3, 太衝穴) of both feet. The correlation between severity of CHHF and HRV variables were analyzed.Results: In time domain analysis, there was significantly positive correlation between the severity of CHHF and both SDNN and RMSSD. In frequency domain analysis, there was significantly positive correlation between the severity of CHHF and TP, HF and HF Norm while there was significantly negative correlation between the severity of CHHF and LF Norm as well as between the severity of cold hypersensitivity of both hands and LF/HF ratio.Conclusions: The more severe CHHF is, the more increased the function of parasympathetic nerve system (PNS) and relatively decreased the function of sympathetic nerve system (SNS) is. Also, it has known that cold hypersensitivity could be caused by deficiency syndrome and qi deficiency has the same ANS tendency as CHHF. Therefore, in practical fields, this result can be helpful in planning treatment and deciding prognosis in respect of deficiency syndrome.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2006.07d
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• pp.1943-1944
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• 2006

"Dynamic Neural Unit"(DNU) based upon the topology of a reverberating circuit in a neuronal pool of the central nervous system. In this thesis, we present a genetic DNU-control scheme for unknown nonlinear systems. Our methodis different from those using supervised learning algorithms, such as the backpropagation (BP) algorithm, that needs training information in each step. The contributions of this thesis are the new approach to constructing neural network architecture and its trainin

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.120-128
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• 2003

Alternative medicines such as herbal products are increasingly being used for preventive and therapeutic purposes. Ginseng is the best known and most popular herbal medicine used worldwide. In spite of some beneficial effects of ginseng on the nervous system, little scientific evidence shows at the cellular level. In the present study, I have examined the direct modulation of ginseng total saponins and individual ginsenosides on the activation of $Ca^{2+}$ channels and NMDA-gated channels in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and hippocampal neurons, respectively. In DRG neurons, application of ginseng total saponins suppressed high-voltage-activated $Ca^{2+}$ channel currents and ginsenoside Rg$_3$, among the 11 ginsenosides tested, produced the strongest inhibition on $Ca^{2+}$ channel currents. Occlusion experiments using selective $Ca^{2+}$ channel blockers revealed that ginsenoside Rg$_3$ could modulate L-, N-, and P/Q-type currents. In addition, ginsenoside Rg$_3$ also proved to be an active component of ginseng actions on NMDA receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons. Application of ginsenoside Rg$_3$ suppressed NMDA-induced [Ca$^{2+}$]$_{i}$ increase and -gated channels using fura-2-based digital imaging and patch-clamp techniques, respectively. These results suggest that the modulation of $Ca^{2+}$ channels and NMDA receptors by ginsenoside Rg$_3$ could be part of the pharmacological basis of ginseng actions in the peripheral and central nervous systems.ous systems.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.155-161
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• 2014

This study presents the real-time emotion image contents player to induce the user's emotion efficiently. The emotion image contents player was designed to efficiently induce by giving a change in the color, brightness, saturation of image contents corresponded to the user's emotion. In the emotion recognition module, physiological signal of pulse, skin temperature, skin resistance which based on autonomic nervous system were used. The emotion recognition part used physiological signal of pulse, skin temperature, skin resistance based on autonomic nervous system. The image as emotional contents was used with the 9 kinds emotion area classified in international affective picture system(IAPS). As experimental results, the use's emotion that match the image's emotion with the emotion image contents player was derived 10% more accurately. The emotion contents player is expected to increase emotional feeling between users's emotion and contents emotion duo to the real-time emotion reflection.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.785-791
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• 2012

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between 3D visual fatigue and physiological measures by canonical correlation analysis enabling to categorical correlation. Background: Few studies have been conducted to investigate the physiological mechanism underlying the visual fatigue caused by processing 3D information which may make the cognitive mechanism overloaded. However, even the previous studies lack validation in terms of the correlation between physiological variables and the visual fatigue. Method: 9 Female and 6 male subjects with a mean age of $22.53{\pm}2.55$ voluntarily participated in this experiment. All participants were asked to report how they felt about their health sate at after viewing 3D. In addition, Low & Hybrid measurement test(Event Related Potential, Steady-state Visual Evoked Potential) and for evaluating cognitive fatigue before and after viewing 3D were performed. The physiological signal were measured with subjective fatigue evaluation before and after in watching the 3D content. For this study suggesting categorical correlation, all measures were categorized into three sets such as included Visual Fatigue set(response time, subjective evaluation), Autonomic Nervous System set(PPG frequency, PPG amplitude, HF/LF ratio), Central Nervous System set(ERP amplitude P4, O1, O2, ERP latency P4, O1, O2, SSVEP S/N ratio P4, O1, O2). Then the correlation of three variables sets, canonical correlation analysis was conducted. Results: The results showed a significant correlation between visual fatigue and physiological measures. However, different variables of visual fatigue were highly correlated to respective HF/LF ratio and to ERP latency(O2). Conclusion: Response time was highly correlated to ERP latency(O2) while the subjective evaluation was to HF/LF ratio. Application: This study may provide the most significant variables for the quantitative evaluation of visual fatigue using HF/LF ratio and ERP latency based human performance and subjective fatigue.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.476-483
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• 2010

The present study was performed to investigate the putative anxiolytic-like effects of the aqueous extract of the roots of Scrophularia buergeriana (SB-W) using elevated plus-maze (EPM) and hole-board apparatus in mice. SB-W was orally administered at doses of 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg to ICR mice, 1 h before the behavioral evaluation. Control group were administered with an equal volume of saline, and positive control group with buspirone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). The administration of SB-W significantly increased the percentage of time spent in open arms and entries into the open arms of the EPM compared with saline-treated control group (P < 0.05). Futhermore, those anxiolytic-like activities of SB-W were antagonized by flumazenil (a $GABA_A$ antagonist, 10 mg/kg), but not by WAY-100635 (a 5-$HT_{1A}$ antagonist, 0.3 mg/kg). Moreover, there were no changes in the locomotor activity and myorelaxant effects in any group compared with saline-treated control group. In the hole-board test, the administration of SB-W (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly increased the number of head-dipping compared with saline-treated control group (P < 0.05). Therefore, these findings suggest that Scrophularia buergeriana promotes the anxiolytic-like activity mediated by GABAergic nervous system in mice.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2008

Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of acupuncture applied at PC6 and SP4 points on heart rate variability (HRV) in normal subjects under mental stress Methods: 24 healthy male subjects were recruited and randomized to a treatment group (12 subjects) or a control group (12 subjects). Both groups performed a mental arithmetic stress test and then acupuncture needles were inserted on PC6 and SP4 for the study group. In the control group, they took sham acupuncture as a control. Heart rate variability (HRV) was measured during the whole study period by FM-150 (digital Holter ECG recorder). Results: In the both groups, low frequency (LF) power and ratio of low frequency to high frequency (LF/HF) was significantly increased after mental stress. Acupuncture induced significant decrease in low frequency (LF) power and ratio of low frequency to high frequency (LF/HF) which were increased after mental stress test. But sham acupuncture induced no changes. Results: In both groups, low frequency (LF) power and ratio of low frequency to high frequency (LF/HF) significantly increased after mental stress. Acupuncture induced significant decrease in low frequency (LF) power and ratio of low frequency to high frequency (LF/HF) which increased after mental stress test. In contrast, sham acupuncture induced no changes. Conclusions: Acupuncture on PC6 and SP4 could be useful to decrease sympathetic activity and balance autonomic nervous system for those who are under stress.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.218-224
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• 2023

This study aimed to analyze the coordination of muscle and muscle fatigue between biceps, lateral deltoid, and anterior deltoid during dumbbell side lateral raise using bio-signal. One male subject performed dumbbell side lateral raise with 3% of 1RM dumbbell at the rate of 30bpm until failure (8 minutes). While performing, ECG were recorded to observe the participant's performance. EMG were recorded from biceps, lateral deltoid, and anterior deltoid for observing coordination and fatigue. ECG were analyzed in time and frequency domain to observe Heart rate, normLF, normHF. Changes in heart rate, normLF, and normHF indicate that the sympathetic nervous system is activated, while changes in median frequency (MDF) indicate the occurrence of muscle fatigue. Moreover, the coordination relationship of muscle changed. The correlation of MDF between each muscles indicated that lateral deltoid is associated with biceps and anterior deltoid. These results showed that our study can contribute to improving understanding of muscle fatigue and muscle coordination relationships.