• Title/Summary/Keyword: digestive organ

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Effect of In ovo Injection of Critical Amino Acids on Pre- and Post-hatch Growth, Immunocompetence and Development of Digestive Organs in Broiler Chickens

  • Bhanja, S.K.;Mandal, A.B.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.524-531
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    • 2005
  • Two experiments were conducted to standardize in ovo injection of amino acids (AA) and to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection of limiting AA(s) on pre and post hatch growth performance, immune response and development of digestive organs. Combinations of essential and non-essential amino acids (Lys+Arg, Lys+Met+Cys, Thr+Gly+Ser, Ile+Leu+Val and Gly+Pro) were injected into 50 eggs in each treatment group at 14 d of embryonic age. Standardization of injection site, needle length and embryonic age revealed that when AA were injected in to the broad end of the egg with a 11 mm needle and at the narrow end with a 24 mm needle both at the 7$^{th}$ and 14$^{th}$ d of incubation there was poor hatchability. However, better hatchability was recorded when the AA were injected in the narrow end of the egg with a 11 mm needle and in the broad end with a 24 mm needle on the 14$^{th}$ d of incubation. The chick to egg weight ratio was higher (p<0.018) when AA were injected on the 14$^{th}$ d of incubation. When a combination of amino acids were injected a 63.6 or 63.2 g difference in body weight of bird at 21 d was recorded between uninjected control and Ile+Leu+Val or Gly+Pro group, respectively. Higher feed intake (p<0.047) was recorded in the AA injected groups and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was numerically better in Gly+Pro, Lys+Met+Cys AA injected groups than in the uninjected control. Significantly higher immune response to cell mediated (p<0.033) and humoral (p<0.002) immunity was observed in in ovo amino acid injected birds, especially in Lys+Met+Cys, Thr+Gly+Ser or Ile+leu+Val groups. The digestive organ weights at 21 d did not differ between specific AA injected groups and the uninjected control. In ovo injected amino acids may act as immunomodulators and their role in gastrointestinal development needs further research.

Nutritional and Digestive Properties of Israeli Carp Cyprinus carpio as Affected by Size, Part and Commercial Value (향어(Cyprinus carpio)의 크기별, 부위별 및 상품성별 영양 및 소화 특성 비교)

  • Kim, Ye Youl;Park, Sun Young;Kang, Sang-In;Yoon, In-Seong;Hwang, Ji-Young;Kim, Jin-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.55 no.3
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    • pp.239-248
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    • 2022
  • This study was conducted to compare sensory and nutritional and digestive properties of the Israeli carp Cyprinus carpio muscle (ICM) by size [normal large (NLF) and small (NSF) fish], part [ventral (VM) and dorsal (DM) muscle], and commercial value [NLF, recessive (RF) or deformed (DF) fish]. In NLF, the major amino acids were lysine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, whereas aspartic acid and glutamic acid were predominant in NSF, DM, VM, DF, and RF. Taurine content increased with fish size, and was higher in DM than in VM, and higher in NLF than in DF but lower than that in RF. Regardless of ICM size, part, and commercial value, potassium and iron were expected in the health function, but calcium and zinc were not expected. The major fatty acids present in ICM were 16:0, 18:1n-9, and 18:2n-6, regardless of size, part, and commercial value. The digestion rate of ICM by digestive organ was lower in NLF than in NSF, and lower in VM with a high lipid content than in DM, and lower in DF than in RF.

Single Oral Dose Toxicity Test of Areca catechu Aqueous Extracts in Mice (빈랑자(檳榔子) 추출물의 마우스 경구 단회 투여독성 평가)

  • Choi, Hae Yun
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.299-305
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    • 2013
  • This study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Arecae Semen (AS) in male and female ICR mice. Aqueous extracts of AS (Yield = 13.15%) were administered as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 12 principle organs were examined. We could not find any mortality, clinical signs, and changes in the body and organ weight except for diarrhea. Diarrhea were observed in all three different dosage groups of male mice, and in 2000 mg/kg groups of female mice within 48hrs after administration. In addition, no AS extract related abnormal gross findings and changes in histopathology of principle organs were detected except for some sporadic accidental findings. Although the 50% lethal dose and approximate lethal dose of AS aqueous extracts in female and male mice were detected as over 2,000 mg/kg - the limited highest dosage recommended by KFDA guidelines. It should be carefully used in clinics because AS may be induced severe digestive tract disorders.

Analysis of Elementary School Students' Visual Attention on the Editorial Design of 'Structure and Function of Our Body' in the 2007·2009 Revised Elementary Science Textbook (2007·2009 개정 초등 과학 교과서 '우리 몸의 구조와 기능' 단원의 편집디자인에 따른 초등학생들의 시각적 주의 분석)

  • Shin, Won-Sub
    • Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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    • v.36 no.4
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    • pp.428-438
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    • 2017
  • The purpose of this study is to analyze the visual attention of elementary school students according to the editorial design of the 2007 2009 revised elementary science textbook 'Structure and function of our body'. For this purpose, eye movements were collected while elementary school students were watching real textbooks wearing mobile eye tracker. The BeGaze 3.7 program of SMI company was used analyzing eye movements. Twenty-six elementary school students participated voluntarily in mobile tracking research. Elementary students learned the contents of textbook related to 'digestive organ' and 'respiratory organ' by using double reading learning strategy. The results of this study are as follows. First, as a result of pre- and post-knowledge tests, there was no statistically significant difference in learning effect between 2007 revised and 2009 revised textbook editing design. Second, elementary school students tended to give more visual attention to text than textbook illustrations. Third, the selective attention and persistent attention of elementary students showed a very strong positive correlation (.940), but the selective attention and self-control showed a strong positive correlation (.499). Fourth, students with high level of attention and low level showed high visual occupancy in text than in illustrations. Fifth, elementary school students preferred the 2009 revised science textbook to the 2007 revised.

A Survey on Traditional Medical Practice Among Some Rural Areas (일부(一部) 농촌지역(農村地域) 주민(住民)의 민속의료(民俗醫療) 이용(利用)에 관(關)한 조사(調査))

  • Son, Kyung-Kab
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.355-358
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    • 1974
  • A Survey was carried out in August 1973 in order to understand current status of traditional medical practice among rural resiednts. Following conclusions were obtained: a) Among total 500 cases utilizing traditional medical services, 60 cases were treated for diseases of digestive organ and 48 cases for nervous and sensory organ disorders. b) 198 cases utilized traditional medicine for self-treatment and most of them seemed to be unscientific and was based on an experience through their own practice. It should be developed and integrated with mordern medicine.

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A Study of Side Effects from Korean Herb Medicine on Children (한약을 복용한 소아에게 발생한 부작용에 대한 연구)

  • Jung, Sun-Kyung;Gok, Su-Yeong;Yu, Sun-Ae;Lee, Seung-Yeon
    • The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.33-42
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    • 2010
  • Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency of side effects, and the range of the side effects from Korean herb medicine on children. Methods: The study has been carried out from 212 children who took Korean herb medicine in Department of Pediatrics, $\bigcirc\;\bigcirc$ Oriental Medical Hospital from September 2009 to February 2010. The study was completed through patients chart review and telephone survey. Results: 1. There were 6 side effect cases on male, and 3 side effect cases on female out of 212 children. The incidence of side effect was 4.2%. 2. The most common side effect was abdominal pain. The most common related organ was digestive organ. 3. The side effect occurred within one to three days after taking Korean herb medicine, and the symptoms were mostly disappeared after taking the Korean herb medicine into divided dose or less dose. Conclusions: The symptom of side effects on children was not as severe as other adverse drug reactions often seen in Western medication. The most common symptom was abdominal pain. Further studies are needed.

The investigation into the cause of epilepsy between east and west medicine (간질(癎疾)의 원인(原因)에 대한 동서의학적(東西醫學的) 고찰(考察))

  • Park, Ji-Eun;Kwon, Jung-Nam;Kim, Young-Geun
    • The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.33-47
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    • 1999
  • Through a literal study upon the cause of epilepsy between east and west medicine, next conclusion have been abtained. 1. The cause epilepsy in the east medicine, congenital embryo disease is due to insufficiency of heart(心虛) or deficiency of heart energy(心氣虛), secondary cause is wind -evil(風), frightness(驚), phlegm(痰), fire(火) 2. The cause epilepsy in the west medicine is divided congenital disease and secondary cause, one is excessive discharge of electricity of the brain have on a central nerve, a digestive organ, a respiratory organ, hamatogenous functions, the other is hereditary it and pathological it. 3. The epilepsy is concerned about the abnormality in five viscera, liver, spleen, heart. 4. In comparison east and west medicine of epilepsy is native factor, or innate primary cause is added to outer cause of wind-evil(風), cold-evil(寒), summer-heat(署), wetness(濕), and inner cause of frightness-terror(驚-恐), seven modes of emotions(七情) and the epilepsy is occurred phlegm(痰), fire(火). It similar that the epilepsy is occurred to structural and functional obstacle in western hereditary and primary cause.

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Single Oral Dose Toxicity Test of Iijintanggami-bang a Polyherbal Formula in ICR Mice (이진탕가미방(二陳湯加味方)의 마우스 경구 단회 투여독성 평가)

  • Kim, Dae-Jun
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.24 no.6
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    • pp.1019-1026
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    • 2010
  • The object of this study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Iijintanggami-bang (IJTGMB), a polyherbal formula have been traditionally used as prevention or treatment agent for various digestive disorders including reflux esophagitis, in male and female mice. Aqueous extracts of IJTGMB (Yield = 8.45%) was administered to female and male ICR mice as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) Guidelines. Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 12 principal organs were examined. As results, we could not find any mortality, clinical signs, and changesin the body and organ weight except for soft feces restricted to IJTGMB 2,000 mg/kg treated two male mice (2/5; 40%) at 1 day after administration. In addition, no IJTGMB-treatment related abnormal gross findings and changes in histopathology of principle organs were detected except for some sporadic accidental findings. The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose and approximate lethal dose of IJTGMB aqueous extracts in both female and male mice were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg, the limited highest dosage recommended by KFDA Guidelines.

Involvement of a Gr2a-Expressing Drosophila Pharyngeal Gustatory Receptor Neuron in Regulation of Aversion to High-Salt Foods

  • Kim, Haein;Jeong, Yong Taek;Choi, Min Sung;Choi, Jaekyun;Moon, Seok Jun;Kwon, Jae Young
    • Molecules and Cells
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    • v.40 no.5
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    • pp.331-338
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    • 2017
  • Regulation of feeding is essential for animal survival. The pharyngeal sense organs can act as a second checkpoint of food quality, due to their position between external taste organs such as the labellum which initially assess food quality, and the digestive tract. Growing evidence provides support that the pharyngeal sensory neurons regulate feeding, but much is still unknown. We found that a pair of gustatory receptor neurons in the LSO, a Drosophila adult pharyngeal organ which expresses four gustatory receptors, is involved in feeding inhibition in response to high concentrations of sodium ions. RNAi experiments and mutant analysis showed that the gustatory receptor Gr2a is necessary for this process. This feeding preference determined by whether a food source is perceived as appetizing or not is influenced by nutritional conditions, such that when the animal is hungry, the need for energy dominates over how appealing the food source is. Our results provide experimental evidence that factors involved in feeding function in a context-dependent manner.

Study on the Five Tastes in the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine

  • Moon, Young-Oak;Ahn, Min-Seob;Park, Jin-Soo;Kim, Hun-Yeong;Lee, Si-Hyeong;Keum, Kyeong-Soo;Park, Min-Cheol;Jo, Eun-Heui
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.23 no.6
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    • pp.1247-1260
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    • 2009
  • This dissertation aims to study the five tastes in the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine. Medicinals as well as Foods are classified by the five tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty and pungent, which can be tasted by the tongue. With the development of the theory dealing with the medicinal properties, some flavors are summarized out of clinical actions of medicinals, therefore, there is a little difference between the flavors of medicinal herbs and the tastes got by tongue. Each taste acts on or has direct influence on a specific vital organ, and each of which has different physiologic actions. Taste also has a long-term or post digestive effect on the body and its metabolism. When each taste is consumed in moderation, it benefits the corresponding organ. Over-indulgence in any taste harms the organ and creates imbalance among the five vital organ systems. The Korean medicinal herbs with same flavor mostly possess similar actions while the medicinal herbs with different flavors show different actions in the treatment, which are shown as follows. Sour has absorbing, consolidating and astringent actions and acts on the liver. Bitter has the actions of drying or resolving dampness, purging and lowering and acts on the heart. Sweet has the nourishing, harmonizing and moistening actions and acts on the spleen. Pungent has an action of dispersing and promoting circulation of gi and blood and acts on the lungs. Salty has the effects of softening hard nodes or masses and promoting defecation, etc and acts on the kidneys. The five organ systems control and support each other. Proper coordination only exists when there is no one organ stronger or weaker than the rest. Since the five tastes have direct influences on the five organs, the diet we take should have a good combination of the five tastes in order to promote internal balance and harmony. They control our well-being and create dietary balance. Excessive consumption of any of these could result in adverse effects. In a word, when the properties of the five tastes respectively are distinguished, their natures and flavors cannot be separately considered. I think the harmonization of food and medicinals should be stressed on good nutritional diet to maintain good health. The traditional belief that food and medicine share the same origin is a part of Korean medicine tradition.