• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.281-292
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• 1986

Infection by hepatitis B virus is one of the major health problems of this nation. HBsAg positive rates of general population and school children were known to be as about 8 percent and 3.9 to 5.9 percent respectively. To study the incidence rate of hepatitis B infection in school children of rural area, author had examined 475 school children of relatively isolated agricultural area for baseline prevalence of hepatitis B virus serologic markers and followed up 415 school children during 10 months to determined the frequency of serologic conversion. The major results are summarized as followings: 1) Among the 278 susceptible children who were followed up, 26 had seroconversion for HBsAg or Anti-HBs. Therefore, the cumulative incidence rate during 10 months is estimated 9.4%. 2) The incidence rate of hepatitis B infection tends to increase with age (6-9yrs: 3.2%, 10-14yrs: 9.5%, 15-17yrs: 18.9%), and the incidence rate in male (13.0%) was higher than in female (5.7%). 3) The incidence rates of hepatitis B virus infection were not different statistically among three economic classes (The rates of lower, middle and higher class were 11.8%, 7.1% and 10.5%.). 4) The incidence rates of hepatitis B virus infection were not different statistically between visitors and non-visitors of clinic or hospital, dental clinic, persons received IV and not received IV, and persons with familial history and without familial history of liver diseases. Therefore all of these factors were not identified as risk factor of hepatitis B virus infection. And the transmissibility within the class of school was not recognized, too. 5) Among the 25 children who were HBsAg positive when enrolled, 15 (60%) were still HBsAg positive, who were identified as chronic carrier 15 of 415 school children were chronic carriers, then chronic carrier rate was estimated 3.6%, and there was no difference between sexes. 6) Of 38 children who had been Anti-HBs positive when enrolled, 5 (13.2%) lost Anti-HBs. Therefore, the loss rate of Anti-HBs per year is estimated to be 15.8%.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2021

Purpose: Sex determination can be done by morphological analysis of different parts of the body. The mastoid region, with its anatomical location at the skull base, is ideal for sex identification. Statistical shape analysis provides a simultaneous comparison of geometric information on different shapes in terms of size and shape features. This study aimed to investigate the geometric morphometry of the inter-mastoid triangle as a tool for sex determination in the Iranian population. Materials and Methods: The coordinates of 5 landmarks on the mastoid process on the 80 cone-beam computed tomographic images(from individuals aged 17-70 years, 52.5% female) were registered and digitalized. The Cartesian x-y coordinates were acquired for all landmarks, and the shape information was extracted from the principal component scores of generalized Procrustes fit. The t-test was used to compare centroid size. Cross-validated discriminant analysis was used for sex determination. The significance level for all tests was set at 0.05. Results: There was a significant difference in the mastoid size and shape between males and females(P<0.05). The first 2 components of the Procrustes shape coordinates explained 91.3% of the shape variation between the sexes. The accuracy of the discriminant model for sex determination was 88.8%. Conclusion: The application of morphometric geometric techniques will significantly impact forensic studies by providing a comprehensive analysis of differences in biological forms. The results demonstrated that statistical shape analysis can be used as a powerful tool for sex determination based on a morphometric analysis of the inter-mastoid triangle.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2022

Objectives: The stability of crestal bone has been reported as a major factor in the success of dental implants. Implants can be placed in an equicrestal (crestal) or subcrestal position. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of implant depth placement on marginal bone loss. Materials and Methods: The study was created in a split-mouth design. Immediately after implant surgery, digital parallel radiographs were prepared and levels of bone were measured where marginal bone loss and bone level changes occurred. These measurements were repeated at 3-month and 6-month follow-up periods. Results: In this interventional study, 49 implants were evaluated in 18 patients. Primary bone height was not significant between the intervention and control groups in both mesial and distal aspects at 3 months and 6 months from the baseline. The mean marginal bone loss on the mesial side was 1.03 mm in the subcrestal group and 0.83 mm in the crestal group. In addition, mean marginal bone loss on the distal side was 0.88 mm and 0.81 mm in the subcrestal and crestal groups, respectively. Marginal bone loss was not significantly different between sexes, the maxilla or mandible, and in the anterior or posterior regions as well as between different lengths and diameters of implants. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, there was no significant difference in terms of marginal bone loss between crestal and subcrestal implants.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.11-24
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• 1976

This study was a part of large scale of a prospective study on attitudes of professional students in medicine, nursing and teaching toward population related issues in Korea. The study was first conducted in May 1974 and then in May 1975 for the 1974 class cohot using a questionaire consisted of attitude scales and other items developed by Lee. The purpose of stuay was twohold, namely, to determine the difference in students among specializations on one hand and between the first and second years in the 1974 class cohot regarding tile subject matter. A one-way analysis of variance was used for attitude scale, and absolute and relative frequency were computed for the analysis of non-attitude scale items by employing Fishers' Ratio and Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level and chi square test at 5% level as significance tests. The hypothesis 'students in health profession are more likely to have positive attitudes toward population related issues progressively as class year advances than students in teaching profession' was tested and the following results were obtained: 1) Nursing students were more likely to display favarable attitudes toward family planning than medical or teaching students although the class cohot showed slightly negative improvement in the second year. Medical and teaching students apperaed to have slightly improved attitudes in the second year. 2) Respondents in general perceived national family planning program as a means of population control and this tendency was more true among nursing students as the class year advances than two other professional groups of students. Students in teaching profession appeared to perceive it more as a means to improve individual family welfare while health students were likely to see as to improve maternal and child health. This tendency was progressively improved as the class year advanced. 3) The majority of students regardless of their respective specializations believed that family planning program should be directed toward the improvement of individual family welfare. No progressive changes in the class cohot were observed. 4) About the plan to use contraceptives in future, no singnificant differences were observes among different specializations nor in different class years. However, the majority was confirmed to have a plan to use contracepives in future. An increasing proportion of the undecided category was observed, as class year advanced among health students. 5) Students in health profession were found to be more favorable about 'more leisure opportunities' as motive for limiting number of children whereas education students indicated the reasons as 'facilitate ambitions' and 'economic base' The progressive changes toward positive direction in both groups were observed as the class years advanced. 6) Attitudes toward induced abortions of the health students were observed to be positively related to class years while an inverse relationship was found in teaching students who showed much less favor in the subject matter than health students. This phenomenon may be due to the different exposure to learning environments unique to respective specializations. 7) Health students were found to have more favorable attitudes toward population education in general than the teaching students. The teaching students appeared to have changed more to the negative direction when they became the second year while no such development was observed in health students. The teaching students seemed to hold a very conservative position with regard to sex education in schools. 8) About the equality of sexes, the nursing group was found to be most favorable while the reverse was true in the teaching group. A change in the negative direction as the class year advanced was found in the teaching group. 9) About questions related to fertility values-the 10 percent of respondents regardless of specialization indicated that they would maintain their single status in future, however no change was observed in the second year. The desired number of children was found to be two by the majority of students in nursing, medicine and teaching in order of high proportion. No changes in a different class year were observed. The childless marriage was seen by nursing students as a problem more than other students, but a slight change in positive direction was found when the nursing students became the second year. In summing, as data supported in the above, students in health profession demonstrated more favorable attitudes toward population related issues than the teaching students and this tendency became more apparent in the second year. It was noticed that health students were more conscious about the health aspect of population and family planning program while the teaching students gave more attention to the socioeconomic aspect. The sex variable seemed to have operated in the item related to the equality of sexes. In conclusion, as data presented in the above, the hypothesis of this study was accepted except in the few items. It should be noted that the limitation of this study is the short duration of the observation in measuring the possible attitude changes. It should include curriculum analysis for the respective specializations in order to indentify the area of curriculum impact on students in future study.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.167-185
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• 2000

The goal of this research was to provide the basic data of sexual education for late schooler by finding out what they want to know about sex, or to see, if any, its relevancy between female and male students and between each grade. The sample for this research was a total of 453 students in 4th, 5th and 6th grade from 12 different classes at two elementary schools which were located in C city and in B province. The children were requested to write down three points on what they want to know or to learn most about sex, and their answers were put through two analytical stages in order to classify and to examine. The followings are the conclusions from the data. 1. The female cluster took 44.2% out of the whole sample, and there were 151 students per each grade. The specific girl ratios for each grade were 42.4%, 50.3% and 39.7% respectively. 2. It was noted that a total of 1,195 questions were gathered from the students writings, 45% of the questions was raised by the female students. The 4th grade students raised 432questions (43.8% by the girl) while the 5th. and the 6th grade students raised 387 (53.2% by the girl) and 376 questions (42.3% by the girl) respectively. The average number of questions per students was 2.6 while the female students raised 2.8 questions which was more than the average 2.5 questions by male students. It was the 4th grade female student cluster, which raised the most question (3.0) while the 6th grade male students raised the least question (2.4) in average. 3. The questions raised by the children could be divided into seven categories of the knowledge need on sex. They were Reproduction (310 questions, 25.9%), Sexual Culture (230, 19.2%), Concept of sex (125, 18.0%), Changes of Puberty (172, 14.4%), Sexual Health (119, 10.0%), Anatomy and Physiology of Reproductive System (78, 6.5%) and Sexual Tendency and behavior (71, 5.9%). 4. 'Reproduction' was the most frequently raised questions not only by both sex groups but also by the 5th grade students. Both sexes in the 4th grade showed the highest interest in Sexual Culture while it was Changes in Puberty for the both sexes in the 6th grade. The knowledge need on sex of the children indicated what they understand sexuality. They apprehended sex as sex, gender and sexuality in an inclusive way. They showed a major interest in the biological sex and the sexual activities. It seems that the children managed to understand clearly the meaning of gender, furthermore, they even pointed out that the streotyped sex role, patrimonial system and the sexual discrimination were unreasonable. The students possessed not only the least but also the most negative understanding in regard of sexuality. Two suggestions were made from the above conclusions for the practical sex education as well as its research. 1. For the practice: The sex education for the elementary upper grade school student should be relevant with their cognitive characteristics, also it should be more specific on the reproductive organs of both sexes, the actual scenes of the pregnancy and child delivery procedures. The gender concept should be added to the biological sex education, which will lead them to understand the unreasonableness of today's male-superior phenomenon and correct them. It is also necessary to develop educational programs for this age group so as to help them to understand sex in the sense of sexuality as well. 2. For the research: It is not easy to draw out a through conclusion since this study was carried out as one-time data collection. Yet it is undeniably helpful for the sex education if we can understand what the children want to know about sex, how much they know about it by conducting deep-interview researches through a small number of sample.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.129-136
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• 1998

목적: 심근관류 SPECT는 관동맥질환의 진단에 유용한 검사로 인정되고 있으나, 남녀간에 진단율의 차이가 있는지에 대해서는 아직 밝혀지지 않았다. 저자들은 심근관류 SPECT와 관동맥조영술을 동시에 시행한 275명의 환자에서 남녀간에 심근관류 SPECT를 이용한 관동맥질환의 진단율에 차이가 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 흉통을 주소로 테크네슘 심근관류 SPECT와 관동맥조영술을 같이 시행한 275예(남:여=177:98, 평균연령 남자 $55{\pm}24$세, 여자 $59{\pm}17$세)를 대상으로 하였다. 전 예에서 관동맥 조영술을 시행하기 전후 1개월이내에 심근관류 SPECT를 시행하였고, 남자 177명 중 136명에서는 $^{99m}Tc$-tetrofosmin(이하 TF)를 사용하였고 41명에서는 $^{99m}Tc$-sestamibi(이하 MIBI)를 사용하였으며, 여자 98명 중 66명에서 TF를 사용하였고 32명에서 MIBI를 사용하였다. 모든환자는 부하-휴식 1일 영상법 또는 휴식-부하 1일 영상법에 따라 심근관류 SPECT를 시행하였는데, 남자 177명 중98명에서 부하-휴식 1일 영상법, 79명에서 휴식-부하 1일 영상법을 사용했고, 여자 98명 중 59명에서 부하-휴식 1일 영상법, 39명에서 휴식-부하 1일 영상법을 사용하였다. 심근관류 SPECT 소견은 진음성, 진양성, 위음성 및 위양성으로 나누어 분석하였고, 진단율이 남녀별로 차이가 있는지는 비율검정을 이용하여 분석하였다. 결과: 환자별 관동맥질환 진단율 중 예민도는 남녀간에 차이가 없었으나, 특이도와 정확도 및 양성예측도는 여자에서 유의하게 낮았다. 관동맥 분지별로 살펴보면, 우관동맥질환의 진단율은 남녀간에 차이가 없었으나, 좌전하행지와 좌회선지 질환의 진단율은 여자에서 유의하게 낮았다. 결론: 이상의 결과로 심근관류 SPECT를 이용한 관동맥질환의 진단에 있어서 남녀간에 의의있는 차이가 있었고, 특히 관동맥의 좌전하행지와 좌회선지 질환에서 차이가 있었다. 따라서 여성의 유방에 의한 조직감쇠가 진단에 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.21-28
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• 1973

본 보고는 양잠방법개선을 위하여 의잠의 우열분리효과와 자웅분리효과를 비교연구한 것이다. 교잡종에는 강건한 누에가 있는가하면 허약한 누에가 있으리라는 것은 쉽게 추측될수 있는 문제이며 양잠시에 특히 소잠시에 강건한 누에와 허약한 누에를 분리할수 있게 된다면 잠업증산에 막대한 기여가 되는것으로 확신한다. 필자는 이러한 목적에서 잠아우열분리제(Better Hybrid Controller ……BHC)를 개발함에 이르렀고 본제에 대한 기초조사와 실용결과를 다음과 같이 보고한다. 1. BHC 처리시의 기초조사 a) BHC 처리를 한 누에는 교잡종은 원종보다 뽕을 먹기 시작하는 속도가 빨랐다. b) BHC 처리한바 원종은 U자형으로 배열하여 뽕을 먹기 시작했으나 교잡종은 L자형으로 배열하여 뽕을 먹기 시작했다. c) BHC 처리시간이 길어질수록 상기분포가 둔화되었다. d) 교잡종에서 BHC처리로 2구분되었을때 먼저 섭상분리된 구분은 강건성잠으로 인정되었으며 우열분리비는 약 2 : 1이었다. e) 본제는 감잠비율을 악화시키는 일이 없었다. 2. 우열분리와 자웅분리결과 비교 a) 자웅분리시의 웅잠 견층비율은 자잠 견층비율보다 불과 0.4%의 차이를 보였다. b) 우열분리시는 양자간의 견층비율 차이가 0.7%였다. c) 우열분리시에는 견층비율이 대조구보다 1.6∼2.4%나 증대하였으며 비록 열구라 하여도 대조구보다 큰 차를 보였다. d) 이와같이 기대이상의 결과를 초래한 이유로서는 BHC 제가 잠체생리에 어떠한 좋은 작용을 한 탓으로 풀이 하였다. e) 한편 자웅분리시의 결과는 기대에 어긋나는 견층비율을 보였다. f) 그러나 생사비율에 있어서는 웅잠구가 자잠구보다 1%나 증대되었는데. 이는 웅잠구의 관계생사량비율이 87.4%나 된 결과에 기인하였다고 생각된다. g) 반면에 웅잠구는 해서율이 63%로서 각시험구중 최하위를 차지하고 있었다. h) 자웅분리나 우열분리나 간에 원료견 품위를 변화시키는 일은 없었고 다만 우열분리시는 견사장이 약 100m씩 증대되므로서 생산성을 향상시키고 있었다. I) 양잠수익성을 분석한 결과로서는 우열분리효과가 약 10%의 증수를 할수있음을 알았고 자웅분리효과는 오히려 부의 증수효과를 보였는데 그 주원인은 웅잠구의 생사비율증대가 용체중 저하로 증수효과를 발효하지 못했기 때문이라고 생각된다. j) 결과적으로 의잠시에 BHC 처리한 것이 잠업증산에 큰 기여를 하는 사실을 알게 되었다. k) BHC 처리는 우열 양구로 분리하여도 좋지마는 양구간 성적이 그렇게 크지 않았으므로 처리후 전례를 사육하여도 무방하다고 보았다. 3. 본시험에서는 웅잠사육은 소기의 증산목적을 달성할수 없음을 알았고 또한 의잠자웅분리의 필요성을 인정할수 없었다. 4. BHC 처리는 의잠을 밀폐기중에서 1∼2분간 방치하는 사이에 본제 증발기체의 작용으로 신경이 둔화되는 탓으로 섭식기간에 차이가 발생하므로 우열이 구분되는 것이며 작업이 극히 용이하여 양잠농가에서 쉽게 처리할 수 있는 방법이므로 고치 10% 증수가 가능한 혁신적인 양잠기술의 계기가 된다고 생각된다.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.190-204
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• 2012

춘천 지역 초등학교 6학년 아동 100명을 대상으로 식습관 및 식품 섭취 실태와 충동성 및 공격성 정도를 조사하였고, 결과는 다음과 같다. 식습관 문항 중 "밥과 국, 반찬이 2가지 이상 갖춰진 균형잡힌 식사를 한다"가 $4.31{\pm}0.96$점으로 가장 높은 점수를 보였고, "식사를 하면서 TV를 보거나 책을 읽는다." $3.16{\pm}1.36$점으로 가장 낮은 점수를 보였다. 성별에 따른 차이를 보면 "음식을 천천히 먹는다."의 경우 남학생 보다 여학생이 좋은 식습관을 갖고 있는 것으로 분석되었고(p<0.01), "매일 운동을 한다."에서는 여학생보다 남학생이 좋은 식습관을 갖고 있는 것으로 분석되었으나(p<0.01) 전체 식습관 점수는 성별에 따른 유의한 차이가 없었다. 식품 섭취 실태를 보면 과일류의 경우 남학생($3.81{\pm}1.02$점) 보다 여학생($4.28{\pm}0.77$점)의 섭취 빈도가 유의하게 높았고 (p<0.05), 탄산음료의 경우에는 남학생($2.85{\pm}1.10$점)이 여학생($2.32{\pm}1.11$점) 보다 유의하게 섭취 빈도가 높은 것으로 분석되었다(p<0.05). 대상 학생들의 충동성 점수는 전체 평균 $2.59{\pm}0.95$점, 남학생과 여학생은 각각 $2.60{\pm}0.93$점과 $2.57{\pm}0.99$점으로 성별에 따른 유의한 차이가 없었던 반면, 공격성 점수는 전체 평균 $2.83{\pm}0.81$점이었고, 남학생 $3.01{\pm}0.79$점, 여학생 $2.63{\pm}0.78$점으로 남학생의 공격성 점수가 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 식습관 평균 점수는 충동성에서는 유의한 상관관계가 없었지만 공격성에서는 유의한 음의 상관관계가 있었다(r=-0.279, p<0.01). 식품 섭취 실태와의 관계에서는 자연식품으로 분류된 우유 및 유제품 섭취와 모든 가공식품의 섭취 빈도가 충동성 및 공격성과 유의한 양의 상관관계가 있었다(p<0.01). 특히 전체 가공식품의 섭취 빈도는 충동성(r=0.656, p<0.01) 및 공격성(r=0.614, p<0.01)과 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 결론적으로 올바른 식습관을 갖고 가공식품의 섭취 빈도를 낮추는 것은 아동의 성격 형성 및 인성 발달과 유의한 관계가 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.1127-1132
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• 2000

Forty yearling Tswana sheep and goats (20 sheep and 20 goats) of both sexes were used in a feeding trial conducted in Botswana College of Agriculture (B.C.A) Content Farm in Gaborone for three months. The animals were randomized into four treatment groups of five animals per species balancing for weight and sex such that average initial weights were not statistically different. The sheep and goats were individually housed and fed under a common roof. All the animals were fed on Lablab purpureus L. as a protein supplement which was 40% of the ration. In addition to L.purpureus L. the control groups of both species were fed on 60% Cenchrus ciliaris L. as basal diet. The other three treatment groups were fed on different forages namely; sorghum forage (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf), millet forage (Pearl millet, Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf and Hubb.) and veldt grass mainly Urochloa mosambicensis (Hack.) as basal diet (60%). Water was provided individually to all the animals on ad lib. basis. Daily intakes of feed and water were recorded and weighing of the animals was done every two weeks. The collected data were analysed statistically for differences. Average daily weight gain by Tswana sheep was significantly different (p<0.05), sheep fed on millet forage had a higher daily weight gain $(120.24{\pm}8.91g)$ compared with sheep fed on veldt grass $(92.86{\pm}6.94g)$. Treatment effects on daily total DM intake by sheep were significant, the control group (C. ciliaris L.) had higher intake $(705.77{\pm}10.22g)$ and those fed on sorghum forage had the least intake $(668.10{\pm}10.70g)$. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the average daily weight gain by Tswana goats and it was 84.52, 73.81, 83.33 and 78.57 g for goats fed on C. ciliaris L., sorghum forage, millet forage and veldt grass respectively. Average daily total DM intake by goats was 655.27, 652.64, 650.07 and 650.94 g for C. ciliaris L., sorghum forage, millet forage and veldt grass respectively. Feed conversion efficiency was 8.00, 8.98, 7.93 and 8.34 for goats fed on C. ciliaris L., sorghum forage, millet forage and veldt grass respectively and were not significantly different (p>0.05).

• Toxicological Research
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.211-215
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the acute oral toxicity of a crude extract derived from fruiting body of Phellinus gilvus (PGE) using male and female SD rats. Groups consisted of five male and female rats were treated with a single dose of the test substance intragastrically at 0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 mg/kgaj, respectively. Clinical signs, body weight change, and food and water consumption change were observed for 14 days after administration. No mortality or abnormal clinical signs in animals were shown during the observation period at the dose used in this study. Also there was no difference in net body weight gain, water and food consumption or gross pathological findings at terminal sacrifice among the groups of rat treated with different doses of the test substance. The results suggested that acute oral toxicity of PGE in rats is very low at the conditions employed in this study and $LD_{50}$ of PGE was estimated to be over 5,000 mg/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$ in both sexes of rats.