• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2016

Purpose: To analyze the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) diffusion-weighted (DW) PSIF (reversed FISP [fast imaging with steady-state free precession]) sequence in order to evaluate peripheral nerves in the elbow. Materials and Methods: Ten normal, asymptomatic volunteers were enrolled (6 men, 4 women, mean age 27.9 years). The following sequences of magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the elbow were obtained using a 3.0-T machine: 3D DW PSIF, 3D T2 SPACE (sampling perfection with application optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution) with SPAIR (spectral adiabatic inversion recovery) and 2D T2 TSE (turbo spin echo) with modified Dixon (m-Dixon) sequence. Two observers used a 5-point grading system to analyze the image quality of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of each nerve were measured. We compared 3D DW PSIF images with other sequences using the Wilcoxon-signed rank test and Friedman test. Inter-observer agreement was measured using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis. Results: The mean 5-point scores of radial, median, and ulnar nerves in 3D DW PSIF (3.9/4.2/4.5, respectively) were higher than those in 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR (1.9/2.8/2.8) and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon (1.7/2.8/2.9) sequences (P < 0.05). The mean SNR in 3D DW PSIF was lower than 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR, but there was no difference between 3D DW PSIF and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon in all of the three nerves. The mean CNR in 3D DW PSIF was lower than 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon in the median and ulnar nerves, but no difference among the three sequences in the radial nerve. Conclusion: The three-dimensional DW PSIF sequence may be feasible to evaluate the peripheral nerves around the elbow in MR imaging. However, further optimization of the image quality (SNR, CNR) is required.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제36권9호
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• pp.841-850
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 탄소 복합재와 알루미늄 2024-T3 단일겹침 체결부에 대해, 체결방법을 접착, 리벳, 리벳/접착 하이브리드의 세 가지로 변화시키면서 체결방법에 따른 파손하중과 파손모드를 실험을 통해 연구하였다. 세 가지 체결방법에 대해 각각 겹침길이 3가지와 적층순서 2가지, 총 82개의 시편을 제작하였다. 접착제는 FM73m, 리벳은 NAS9308-4-03을 사용하였다. 접착 체결과 하이브리드 체결에서는 겹침길이가 커짐에 따라 파손하중이 증가하였고, 리벳 체결에서는 겹침길이에 따른 파손하중 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 단순 접착 및 리벳 체결부에서는 적층순서에 따른 일관된 경향을 발견하기 어려운 반면, 하이브리드 체결부에서는 인접층의 적층각 차이가 작은 적층판을 사용한 체결부의 파손하중이 높게 나타났다. 접착 체결과 하이브리드 체결의 주된 파손모드는 층간분리이고 리벳 체결은 국부적 베어링 파손을 동반한 리벳 파손으로 나타났다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제36호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2003

The first object of this study is to clarify the newly demanded service to the visiter in the museum. And the second is to consider the spatial configuration on the layout of exhibition and the shape of exhibition room from the view points of behavior of appreciation and other methodology. The results of this study are as follows : The exhibition content and structure of Seoul Museum of History formed by a story-line according to the theme of an each zone fixed sequence in an each exhibition that we are achieved. But the layout of exhibition and the shape of exhibition consist on the other hand of the freedom selection. So the problem appeared In the difference of the exhibition content and the layout of exhibition to the behavior of appreciation. It can be said that the concept of exhibition space should be taken into account and the spatial configuration by the completed floor plan in order to satisfy the planning concepts.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.543-549
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• 2006

Sung et al. [13] obtained a WLLN (weak law of large numbers) for the array $\{X_{{ni},\;u_n{\leq}i{\leq}v_n,\;n{\leq}1\}$ of random variables under a Cesaro type condition, where $\{u_n{\geq}-{\infty},\;n{\geq}1\}$ and $\{v_n{\leq}+{\infty},\;n{\geq}1\}$ large two sequences of integers. In this paper, we extend the result of Sung et al. [13] to a martingale type p Banach space.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.1155-1175
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• 2014

We present a unified local and semilocal convergence analysis for secant-type methods in order to approximate a locally unique solution of a nonlinear equation in a Banach space setting. Our analysis includes the computation of the bounds on the limit points of the majorizing sequences involved. Under the same computational cost our semilocal convergence criteria can be weaker; the error bounds more precise and in the local case the convergence balls can be larger and the error bounds tighter than in earlier studies such as [1-3,7-14,16,20,21] at least for the cases of Newton's method and the secant method. Numerical examples are also presented to illustrate the theoretical results obtained in this study.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2002

This research is to analyze the spatial organization of a traditional rural community and its characteristics, the case of Hanbam village located in the north of Daegu city. The conclusions of this study are as follows; 1. The difference between private space and public space in the residential area of Hanbam village is obvious, and these two spaces are organically related each other by means of road. These spaces have some spatial characteristics of organization, such as center, hierarchy and sequence. 2. The private space consists of a residence module and a farming area in the settlement, and it is clearly farmed by the firm fence of rocks and by surrounding roads. Fruit-bearing trees such as Pyrus pyrifolia, Cornus officinalis, Diospyros kaki, Juglans sinensis are planted at the boundary. And most of residences are composed of a building, a inner court and farming fields. 3. The public space for the community mainly functions as ‘a meeting place’for residents, and consists of recreational spaces, ceremonial spaces, community facilities, and social facilities. Among these, Jeong-ja(pavilion), Seong-an Soop(forest) and Dae-chong(building for common use) are of great cultural value as important traditional spaces. 4. Two kinds of road are commonly fecund in the village; spontaneously generated one and planned one. This is straight inner streets and access paths to the village, and that is curvilinear alleys which are connected to Dae-chong, the core of village. Also stone walls and climbing plants on them are major elements of village landscape.

• 한국석유지질학회지
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• 제9권1_2호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2001

강원도 영월군에 분포하는 하부 오오도비스기 탄산염-쇄설성 혼합층인 문곡층에 대하여 계층적으로 체계화된 시퀀스층서 분석을 행한 결과에 의하면 문곡층은 3개의 시?스로 구성되어 있다. 시퀀스 경계면은 경계면 하부의 조립질 탄산염암으로부터 상부의 세립질 탄산염내설성 혼합층으로의 급격한 변화로 특징 지워지며 카르스트화와 같은 대기 노출면의 증거를 보여주기도 한다. 이러한 시퀀스 층서 틀 내에서 분석된 퇴적상의 특징에 의하면, 문곡층은 완만한 경사를 갖는 조하대의 램프에서 퇴적된 것으로 해석된다. 퇴적되는 동안에 빈번한 열대 폭풍의 영향이 있었으며 폭풍퇴적층은 해저면 기질의 구성성분과 해안과의 근접도에 따라 암상의 차이를 보인다. 또한 문곡층은 고빈도의 상향천화 하는 사이클로 구성되어 있다. 그러나 천해퇴적층과 심해퇴적층으로 구성된 퇴적층에는 사이클이 잘 나타나지 않는데 그 이유는 사이클 병합으로 해석된다. 사이클이 누적되는 양상을 보면 큰 규모의 해수면 변동과 연관되어 일관된 두께의 변화가 관찰되지 않는데 이는 퇴적물이 퇴적공간을 충분히 채우지 못하기 때문인 것으로 해석된다.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.182-192
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 GBCA(Gadolinium Based Contrast Agent)를 이용한 MRI 검사 시 다양한 MR 시퀀스에 따른 GBCA 몰농도별 조영증강 변화를 알아보기 위해 자체 제작한 MR 팬텀을 사용하여 정량적으로 평가 분석하고자 하였다. MR 팬텀을 제작하기 위해 28개의 용기에 500 mmol Gadoteridol을 saline과 혼합하여 각각 500 부터 0 mmol 까지 몰농도를 서로 다르게 하였다. 제작된 MR phantom을 1.5T MRI 장비에서 물리학적 기전이 서로 다른 T1 SE, T2 FLAIR, T1 FLAIR, 3D FLASH, T1 3D SPACE, 3D SPCIR 시퀀스로 스캔하여 신호강도 변화를 측정 한 후 비교 분석 하였다. T1 Spin echo는 Total SI(Signal Intensity)가 15608.7, Max peak는 1 mmol에서 1352.6, T2 FLAIR는 Total SI가 9106.4, Max peak는 0.4 mmol에서 1721.6, T1 FLAIR에서는 Total SI가 20972.5, Max peak는 1 mmol에서 1604.9, 3D FLASH는 Total SI가 20924.0, Max peak는 40 mmol에서 1425.7, 3D SPACE 1mm는 Total SI가 6399.0, Max peak는 3 mmol에서 528.3, 3D SPACE 5mm는 Total SI가 6276.5, Max peak는 2 mmol에서 514.6, 3D SPCIR의 경우는 Total SI가 1778.8, Max peak는 0.4 mmol에서 383.8의 신호강도를 보였다. T1 SE를 포함한 대부분의 시퀀스에서 몰농도가 높았을 때 보다는 대체적으로 일정이상 희석이 이루어진 비교적 낮은 농도에서 높은 신호강도를 보였다. 또한 서로 다른 물리학적 기전의 다양한 MR시퀀스에서 GBCA의 조영증강 패턴 역시 모두 달랐다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 시퀀스에 따른 GBCA 농도별 반응에 대한 정량적 데이터를 통하여 실제 임상에서의 조영증강검사에 있어서 효율적인 MR검사 프로토콜에 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.112-120
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• 2010

Human can recognize the environment by detecting spatial perception, and most of environmental perception depends on visual perception. In view that the acquisition of spatial information is accomplished through visual recognition, analysis of visual structure contained in the space is thought to be very important sector in studying the characteristic of the space. The history of studies on visual structure of space, however, wasn't too long, and furthermore most of the theories up to now focused on static and planar principles. Under this circumstance, this study is intended to suggest new theory by combining Isovist theory and VGA theory that have been actively discussed as the theory on visual perception-based spatial structure and supplementing them between each other to expand into 3-dimensional model. The suggested theory is a complex principle in dimensional and dynamic form in consideration of visual direction, which forms 3-dimentional virtual model that enables visualization of the property of spatial structure as the routine discriminating whether visual connection is made between viewing point and target point, and the target point is included in the visual field quadrangular pyramid or not. Such model was built up by an analysis application where four probe paths were applied to simulate the visual structure that occurs in virtual space, and then the characteristics were analyzed through quantification. In result, in spite of the path with equal space and equal length, significant difference in the acquired quantity of spatial information could be found depending on the probe sequence. On the contrary, it was found that probe direction may not affect the acquired quantity of information and visual property of the space.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.83-98
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• 2012

The starting point of this study is the concerning of simple behavioral pattern that whoever enters the inner space with taking off his shoes should go out from the position where he laid his shoes. The using of Ondol (floor heating room) and Maru (lifted wood floor) had changed the architectural space from chair-sitting to floor-sitting space, and it also made the behavior of taking off the shoes at the entrance of building and stepping on the lifted floor. This simple behavior has possibility to make lots of changes to the culture of architectural design. With this noticeable point, this paper is talking about the cultural feature of Korean traditional architecture, especially about the influence of tanking off and putting on shoes. The matter of shoes has changed diverse aspects of building and layout planning. It maximized the difference between front and rear part of building and characterized the lateral extension of Korean traditional house. The ritual space also had evolved from chair-sitting to floor-sitting space according to the type of ritual behavioral pattern. The change on the single building level had influenced on the layout planning of architectural complex. For examples, the parallel layout of ChangDeok-gung palace and the long sequential process to the main pavilion of Buddhist temple are the result of the matter of shoes. And NuGak(樓閣), the double-storied pavilion, on the axis of entering sequence's node is one of the unique planning elements that makes possible to go through the building without taking off the shoes and also makes upper level space for staying. In short, Korean traditional architecture that has the chair-sitting spatial origin of the East Asian cultural sphere has pursued new architectural issues and planning methods according to evolution to the floor-sitting culture.