• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2016

Purpose: To analyze the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) diffusion-weighted (DW) PSIF (reversed FISP [fast imaging with steady-state free precession]) sequence in order to evaluate peripheral nerves in the elbow. Materials and Methods: Ten normal, asymptomatic volunteers were enrolled (6 men, 4 women, mean age 27.9 years). The following sequences of magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the elbow were obtained using a 3.0-T machine: 3D DW PSIF, 3D T2 SPACE (sampling perfection with application optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution) with SPAIR (spectral adiabatic inversion recovery) and 2D T2 TSE (turbo spin echo) with modified Dixon (m-Dixon) sequence. Two observers used a 5-point grading system to analyze the image quality of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of each nerve were measured. We compared 3D DW PSIF images with other sequences using the Wilcoxon-signed rank test and Friedman test. Inter-observer agreement was measured using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis. Results: The mean 5-point scores of radial, median, and ulnar nerves in 3D DW PSIF (3.9/4.2/4.5, respectively) were higher than those in 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR (1.9/2.8/2.8) and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon (1.7/2.8/2.9) sequences (P < 0.05). The mean SNR in 3D DW PSIF was lower than 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR, but there was no difference between 3D DW PSIF and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon in all of the three nerves. The mean CNR in 3D DW PSIF was lower than 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon in the median and ulnar nerves, but no difference among the three sequences in the radial nerve. Conclusion: The three-dimensional DW PSIF sequence may be feasible to evaluate the peripheral nerves around the elbow in MR imaging. However, further optimization of the image quality (SNR, CNR) is required.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.36 no.9
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• pp.841-850
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• 2008

Strength and failure of composite-to-aluminum rivetted, bonded, and rivet/bonding hybrid single-lap joints were investigated by experiment. A total of 82 joint specimens were tested with 3 different overlap lengths and 2 types of stacking sequence. FM73m adhesive film and NAS9308-4-03 rivet were used for hybrid joints. While failure loads of the bonded and hybrid joints increased as the overlap length increased, failure loads of the rivetted joints were not affected by the overlap length. Effect of the stacking sequence was not remarkable in the simple bonded or rivetted joints. Failure loads of the hybrid joints, however, showed the maximum of 30% difference depending on the stacking sequence. Major failure mode of the bonded and hybrid joints was the delamination of the composite adherend and failure mode of riveted joints was the rivet failure with local bearing.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.36
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• pp.93-101
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• 2003

The first object of this study is to clarify the newly demanded service to the visiter in the museum. And the second is to consider the spatial configuration on the layout of exhibition and the shape of exhibition room from the view points of behavior of appreciation and other methodology. The results of this study are as follows : The exhibition content and structure of Seoul Museum of History formed by a story-line according to the theme of an each zone fixed sequence in an each exhibition that we are achieved. But the layout of exhibition and the shape of exhibition consist on the other hand of the freedom selection. So the problem appeared In the difference of the exhibition content and the layout of exhibition to the behavior of appreciation. It can be said that the concept of exhibition space should be taken into account and the spatial configuration by the completed floor plan in order to satisfy the planning concepts.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.543-549
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• 2006

Sung et al. [13] obtained a WLLN (weak law of large numbers) for the array $\{X_{{ni},\;u_n{\leq}i{\leq}v_n,\;n{\leq}1\}$ of random variables under a Cesaro type condition, where $\{u_n{\geq}-{\infty},\;n{\geq}1\}$ and $\{v_n{\leq}+{\infty},\;n{\geq}1\}$ large two sequences of integers. In this paper, we extend the result of Sung et al. [13] to a martingale type p Banach space.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.1155-1175
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• 2014

We present a unified local and semilocal convergence analysis for secant-type methods in order to approximate a locally unique solution of a nonlinear equation in a Banach space setting. Our analysis includes the computation of the bounds on the limit points of the majorizing sequences involved. Under the same computational cost our semilocal convergence criteria can be weaker; the error bounds more precise and in the local case the convergence balls can be larger and the error bounds tighter than in earlier studies such as [1-3,7-14,16,20,21] at least for the cases of Newton's method and the secant method. Numerical examples are also presented to illustrate the theoretical results obtained in this study.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.61-69
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• 2002

This research is to analyze the spatial organization of a traditional rural community and its characteristics, the case of Hanbam village located in the north of Daegu city. The conclusions of this study are as follows; 1. The difference between private space and public space in the residential area of Hanbam village is obvious, and these two spaces are organically related each other by means of road. These spaces have some spatial characteristics of organization, such as center, hierarchy and sequence. 2. The private space consists of a residence module and a farming area in the settlement, and it is clearly farmed by the firm fence of rocks and by surrounding roads. Fruit-bearing trees such as Pyrus pyrifolia, Cornus officinalis, Diospyros kaki, Juglans sinensis are planted at the boundary. And most of residences are composed of a building, a inner court and farming fields. 3. The public space for the community mainly functions as ‘a meeting place’for residents, and consists of recreational spaces, ceremonial spaces, community facilities, and social facilities. Among these, Jeong-ja(pavilion), Seong-an Soop(forest) and Dae-chong(building for common use) are of great cultural value as important traditional spaces. 4. Two kinds of road are commonly fecund in the village; spontaneously generated one and planned one. This is straight inner streets and access paths to the village, and that is curvilinear alleys which are connected to Dae-chong, the core of village. Also stone walls and climbing plants on them are major elements of village landscape.

• The Korean Journal of Petroleum Geology
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• v.9 no.1_2 s.10
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• pp.1-15
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• 2001

Hierarchically controlled sequence stratigraphic analysis shows that the Lower Ordovician mixed carbonatesiliciclastic Mungok Formation, Korea consists of three depositional sequences: T1, T2, and T3 in ascending order. Sequence boundaries are generally marked by abrupt transition from coarse-grained shallow-water carbonates to finegrained deeper-water carbonates mixed with fine-grained siliciclastics, and show indication of subaerial exposure such as karstification. Within this sequence stratigraphic framework, facies characteristics indicate that the Mungok sequences were mostly deposited on a subtidal ramp without slope break. The Mungok ramp had been under the influence of frequent tropical storm activity during deposition. The difference in lithology of tempestites seems to have been controlled by the nature of substrates and by proximality. High-frequency cycles consist of upward-shallowing facies successions. Cycles of shallow-water and basinal deposits are not well represented, probably due to cycle amalgamation. Cycle stacking patterns do not show a consistent thickness change that is usually associated with a large-scale sea-level change probably because of unfilled accommodation space.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.182-192
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• 2015

In this paper, we introduce how to change the reaction rate as mol concentration when we scan enhanced MRI with GBCA(Gadolinium Based Contrast Agent), Also show the changing patterns depending on diverse MRI sequences which are made by different physical principle. For this study, we made MRI phantom ourselves. We mixed 500 mmol Gadoteridol with Saline in each 28 different containers from 500 to 0 mmol. After that, MR phantom was scanned by physically different MRI sequences which are T1 SE, T2 FLAIR, T1 FLAIR, 3D FLASH, T1 3D SPACE and 3D SPCIR in 1.5T bore. The results were as follows : *T1 Spin echo's Total SI(Signal Intensity) was 15608.7, Max peak was 1352.6 in 1 mmol. *T2 FLAIR's Total SI was 9106.4, Max peak was 0.4 1721.6 in 1 mmol. *T1 FLAIR's Total SI was 20972.5, Max peak was 1604.9 in 1 mmol. *3D FLASH's Total SI was 20924.0, Max peak was 1425.7 in 40 mmol. *3D SPACE 1mm's Total SI was 6399.0, Max peak was 528.3 in 3 mmol. *3D SPACE 5mm's Total SI was 6276.5, Max peak was 514.6 in 2 mmol. *3D SPCIR's Total SI was 1778.8, Max peak was 383.8 in 0.4 mmol. In most sequences, High signal intensity was shown in diluted lower concentration rather than high concentration, And also graph's max peak and pattern had difference value according to the each different sequence. Through this paper which have quantitative result of GBCA's reaction rate depending on sequence, We expect that practical enhanced MR protocol can be performed in clinical field.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.112-120
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• 2010

Human can recognize the environment by detecting spatial perception, and most of environmental perception depends on visual perception. In view that the acquisition of spatial information is accomplished through visual recognition, analysis of visual structure contained in the space is thought to be very important sector in studying the characteristic of the space. The history of studies on visual structure of space, however, wasn't too long, and furthermore most of the theories up to now focused on static and planar principles. Under this circumstance, this study is intended to suggest new theory by combining Isovist theory and VGA theory that have been actively discussed as the theory on visual perception-based spatial structure and supplementing them between each other to expand into 3-dimensional model. The suggested theory is a complex principle in dimensional and dynamic form in consideration of visual direction, which forms 3-dimentional virtual model that enables visualization of the property of spatial structure as the routine discriminating whether visual connection is made between viewing point and target point, and the target point is included in the visual field quadrangular pyramid or not. Such model was built up by an analysis application where four probe paths were applied to simulate the visual structure that occurs in virtual space, and then the characteristics were analyzed through quantification. In result, in spite of the path with equal space and equal length, significant difference in the acquired quantity of spatial information could be found depending on the probe sequence. On the contrary, it was found that probe direction may not affect the acquired quantity of information and visual property of the space.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.83-98
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• 2012

The starting point of this study is the concerning of simple behavioral pattern that whoever enters the inner space with taking off his shoes should go out from the position where he laid his shoes. The using of Ondol (floor heating room) and Maru (lifted wood floor) had changed the architectural space from chair-sitting to floor-sitting space, and it also made the behavior of taking off the shoes at the entrance of building and stepping on the lifted floor. This simple behavior has possibility to make lots of changes to the culture of architectural design. With this noticeable point, this paper is talking about the cultural feature of Korean traditional architecture, especially about the influence of tanking off and putting on shoes. The matter of shoes has changed diverse aspects of building and layout planning. It maximized the difference between front and rear part of building and characterized the lateral extension of Korean traditional house. The ritual space also had evolved from chair-sitting to floor-sitting space according to the type of ritual behavioral pattern. The change on the single building level had influenced on the layout planning of architectural complex. For examples, the parallel layout of ChangDeok-gung palace and the long sequential process to the main pavilion of Buddhist temple are the result of the matter of shoes. And NuGak(樓閣), the double-storied pavilion, on the axis of entering sequence's node is one of the unique planning elements that makes possible to go through the building without taking off the shoes and also makes upper level space for staying. In short, Korean traditional architecture that has the chair-sitting spatial origin of the East Asian cultural sphere has pursued new architectural issues and planning methods according to evolution to the floor-sitting culture.