• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.525-534
• /
• 2001

A total of 120 pigs were used to investigate the effects of yucca extracts on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient excretion and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs fed different levels of dietary protein. Pigs were allotted into $2{\times}3$ factorial design by the supplementation of yucca extracts (YE, 0 and 120 mg/kg) and 3 levels of dietary protein (14, 16, 18% for early finisher and 12, 14, 16% for late finisher for low, medium and high protein diet, respectively). During the early finishing period (51~76 kg BW), no significant difference was found in growth performance regardless of the YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. Growth performance of late finishing pigs (76~101 kg BW) was also not significantly different among treatments. However, ADG of pigs fed YE diet was significantly improved (p<0.05) regardless of the dietary protein levels. For the overall period (51~101 kg BW), although adding YE to the diet and elevating the protein level showed better ADG, there were no significant differences on growth performance among treatments. Early finishers showed significantly higher crude protein, crude ash and crude fat digestibilities when they were fed diets supplemented with YE. Digestibilities of amino acids were not affected by YE. Late finishers did not show any significant differences in proximate nutrient digestibilities regardless of YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. YE tended to slightly improve the CP digestibility, however no significant difference was found with increased dietary protein levels. There was no significant difference in amino acid digestibilities with YE supplementation or dietary CP levels during the late finishing period. Dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) excretion in feces did not show any significant difference among treatments. Early finishing pigs also did not respond to the inclusion of YE or dietary protein levels (p<0.05). Fecal N excretion of early finishing pigs seemed to be lowered in pigs fed YE. Pigs fed medium dietary protein diet tended to excrete a higher amount of N during the early finishing period, but not statistically different. A slight increase in fecal N excretion was found with the increased level of dietary protein during the late finishing period. For ammonia nitrogen excretion, although there was no significance, the NH3-N content tended to be increased by the increased dietary protein levels and with YE supplementation. The NH3-N content in manure increased by 24.5% with YE supplementation. There were no significant differences in carcass weight, backfat thickness, carcass grade and loin eye area among treatments. However, pigs fed non-YE with low protein diet showed a significantly (p<0.05) low carcass ratio among treatments and there was significant (p<0.05) difference between the YE-added treatment and non YE treatment in carcass ratio. As for the feed cost, the cost of feeding high level protein was higher than that of medium level protein by 5% and low level protein by 9% (p<0.05). Therefore, based on this study, it could be concluded that environmentally friendly agents might play a role to some extent in finishing pigs from the aspect of pollution control, and that more than 14 and 12% of dietary protein for early finishing and late finishing pigs respectively do not necessarily guarantee high growth performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제7권4호
• /
• pp.583-589
• /
• 1994

In order to study the interrelationships of calcium (0.45 vs. 0.90%), phosphorus (0.40 vs. 0.70%) and protein (17, 20, 23%), $2{\times}2{\times}3$ factorial design was employed. A total of 480 broilers (Hisex-Hibro) aged 3 days were fed the experimental diets for a period of 28 days. Body weight gain, daily feed intake and feed efficiency were investigated for the simple effects, first order interaction and second order interaction of the dietary factors. These effects were also applied to bone ash retention, percent Ca in bone & ash, percent P in bone & ash, and protein utilizability. Results were as follows. 1) For body weight gain, simple effects of dietary levels of Ca, P, CP were found to be significant (p<0.05). Body weight gain at 0.90% Ca level was improved as the dietary CP levels increased. For the feed intake, single effects of dietary levels of both P and CP were found (p<0.05). Feed efficiency was improved as the dietary CP and P levels increased. Ca $\times$ P interaction was found to be significant for body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency (p<0.05), however, Ca $\times$ P $\times$ CP interaction effect was not found. 2) Protein utilizability decreased as the dietary CP level increased (p<0.01). 3) 0.90% Ca in diet showed less bone ash retention than 0.45% Ca level. And, increasing the dietary P level resulted in increased bone ash retention. Increasing the dietary P level resulted in increased bone Ca retention (p<0.01) and increased bone P retention (p<0.05). Dietary CP levels had significant (p<0.01) effect on bone Ca retention except for 23% CP level. Increasing the dietary Ca level resulted in wider Ca:P ratio of bone, but increasing the dietary P level resulted in narrower Ca:P ratio of bone. 4. Ca $\times$ P interaction effects were found to be significant (p<0.01) for bone ash, bone Ca & P, ash P content, and bone Ca:P ratio. Ca $\times$ P $\times$ CP interaction effects were found for bone ash (p<0.01), bone Ca (p<0.05) and bone P content (p<0.01).

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제42권1호
• /
• pp.87-100
• /
• 2015

It is well known that dietary protein affects the growth performance and carcass composition of poultry. Over the last several decades, numerous studies have been carried out to investigate to optimize the level of dietary protein since the protein is an important and expensive constituent in poultry feed. It is generally accepted that dietary protein should represent a balance of amino acids supporting the requirements for growth and maintenance of birds. A protein with balanced essential amino acids that matches a bird's requirement and sufficient non-essential amino acid nitrogen to enable the synthesis of all of the non-essential amino acids, is referred to as an 'ideal protein'. Feeding of excess protein or amino acids may result in an amount of nitrogen emission. Most common method to reduce nitrogen emission is using diet formulation which has lower dietary crude protein level and higher concentration of amino acid supplements. However, there are conflicting reports whether low protein diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids can obtain the growth performance equal to high protein diets. Excessive nitrogen excretion caused by amino acid imbalance also may influence the environment of poultry house due to ammonia production from uric acid. These environmental conditions may increase the incidence of skin problem or respiratory diseases of chickens. Various strategies based on comprehensive understanding should be tested to optimize nitrogen utilization and reduce nitrogen emission while maintaining the performance in poultry production.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.261-271
• /
• 2006

To study the correlation with increasing body fat mass for the Standard Guideline for Korean Dietary Life, a nationwide, cross-sectional survey was performed with 178 male college students in december 2005. Among the student subjects, 76 were analyzed for body protein mass, body mineral mass, body fat mass, percent body fat, waist-hip ratio(WHR), body mass index(BMI) and obesity degree using Inbody 3.0(Biospace Co, Seoul, Korea). Body protein mass was at a high level of 92.1%, body mineral mass was at a low level of 94.7%. Body fat mass was at a high level of 28.9%, percent body fat was at a high level of 37.3%, WHR was at a high level of 31.6%, and obesity degree was at a high level of 38.2%, BMI was at a high level of 24.3% and BMR was observed at a high level of 41.8%. WHR was correlated with '7. Prepare food proper amount sanitarily.' and obesity degree, while BMl was were correlated with '4. Increase movement and eat proper amount.' positively. BMR was correlated with '6. Enjoy 3 meal a day regularly.' ArmCircle was correlated with '4. Increase movement and eat proper amount.' and fitness score was corrected with '4. Increase movement and eat proper amount', and '8. Enjoy Korean rice food style.' positively. Body protein mass and body mineral mass were negatively correlated with fruit, ArmCircle was positively correlated with fish, obesity degree was positively correlated with soup and BMI and ArmCircle were positively correlated with sweet. '8. Enjoy Korean rice food style.' was negatively significantly correlated with overweight, over percentage body fat, obesity degree > 120 and BMI. Male students were not practicing the Standard Guideline for Korean Dietary Life well with an average score of 37.7%. However, male students who are within the normal range of body composition analysis value have to notice that over range of weight, protein, percentage body fat, WHI and obesity degree was observed above average score of 30%.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.36-46
• /
• 1988

단백질의 수준과 종류, 지방의 수준에 따라서 나타나는 실험동물의 성장, 장기와 지방조직을 관찰하였으며 mitogen에 의한 lympocyte의 생산능력 및 PFC에 의한 면역능력을 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1) 실험1의 결과, 체중증가량과 장기 무게는 지방수준에 관계없이 6%의 casein을 섭취한 군이 15%나 30% casein군에 비하여 낮았다. 그러나 15%군과 30%군 사이에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 2) 전체 실험을 통하여 본 연구에서는 단백질의 종류나 수준에 따른 면역능력의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 단백질의 수준이나 질에 관계없이 고지방식이(30%)를 섭취하였을 때가 저지방식이를 섭취하였을 때에 비하여 면역능력이 낮은 경향을 보였다.

• 한국양식학회지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.47-53
• /
• 1993

새로운 양식 대상종으로 메기의 생산량 증가를 위하여 사료 중 최적 단백질 함량을 설정 하고자 실험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 평균 체중 약 7g되는 메기 치어의 체중은 사료중 단백질 함량 $25\%\~55\%$ 사이에서 단백질 함량이 높은 사료를 공급할수록 증가하였으나, 근육 단백질의 증가는 $45\%$ 부근에서 최고치에 달하였으며, 그 이상으로 사료 단백질 함량을 증가시켜도 변화가 없었다. 단백질 효율 및 정미단백 이용율은 $25\%$ 부근에서 최고치에 달했지만 $45\%$ 부근에서 일시적으로 증가하여 단백질 함량 $45\%$ 실험구가 가장 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 멸치분을 단백질 원으로 하였을 때 메기 치어 사료의 최적 단백질 함량은 $45\%$로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제29권5호
• /
• pp.461-471
• /
• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary protein and cysteine levels on cadmium toxicity in rats. Seventy-two male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighting 171$\pm$3g were blocked into 12 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 30 days. cadmium chloride was given at levels of 0 or 400ppm, protein at levels of 7, 15 and 40%, and cysteine was added(total dietary cysteine contents : 0.45%) to diet or not. The results are summarized as follow. Food intake, weight gain, food were lower than those of cadmium free group. But, these were increased with increasing dietary protein level and cysteine addition. Fecal cadmium excretion was remarkably increased in high protein (40%) groups. Thus, cadmium retention rates were decreased in high protein groups. Metallothionein concentrations in liver and kidney were increased in cysteine addition, and cadmium administration. Especially, these were remarkably increased in cadmium and cysteine added groups. Urinary calcium excretion was increased with cadmium administration, but urinary protein excretion and creatinine clearance were not changed in these animal. In conclusion, food intake, weight gain and organ weights were decreased with administration. Cadmium toxicity was alleviated by increasing fecal cadmium excretion, while cysteine addition increased metallothionein concentrations in liver and kidney. From these results, it was shown that cadmium toxicity was alliviated by synergistic effect of high protein level and cysteine addition.

• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.39-53
• /
• 1987

본시험은 산란계사료의 에너지 및 단백질수준이 산란성적, 생존율, 란질, 영양소이용율 및 복강지방 축적율 등에 미치는 효과를 구명하기 위하여 대사에너지 3수준(2,500, 2,700, 2,900 kcal/kg)과 단백질 3수준(13, 15, 17%)을 조합한 9개처리에 720수씩 2회에 걸쳐 1,440수를 공시하였으며, 1차시험은 1982년 5월 5일부터 1983년 5월 3일까지, 2차시험은 1983년 12월 28일부터 1984년 12월 26일까지 각각 52주간에 걸쳐 시험을 실시하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 산란율은 대사에너지수준이 증가할수록 점차 감소하였고 단백질 수준이 증가할수록 점차 증가하였지만 (P〈0.05), 단백질 15%와 17%수준간에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 2. 란중은 에너지 수준에 따라서 차이가 없었으나 단백질수준이 증가할수록 증가하였지만 15%와 17%수준간에는 차이가 없었다. 3. 사료섭취량은 에너지 수준이 증가할수록 점차 감소하였다. 4. 사료요구율은 에너지 수준간에는 큰 차이가 없었지만 단백질 수준이 증가할수록 점차 개선되었다. 5. 산란 kg당 사료비는 에너지수준이 증가할수록 점차 증가하였으며 단백질수준간에는 차이가 없었다. 6. 증체량은 대시에너지 2,500kcal/kg 수준에 비하여 2,700 및 2,900kcal/kg 수준에서 증가하였고, 단백질 13%수준에 비하여 15 및 17%수준에서 증가하였다. 7. 생존율은 에너지수준이나 단백질수준에 따라 차이가 없었다. 8. 란각질은 에너지수준이 증가함에 따라 점차 떨어지는 경향이었으나 단백질수준간에는 차이가 없었다. 9. 란황차색도는 에너지수준에 따라서는 차이가 없었지만 단백질수준이 증가함에 따라 점차 증가하는 경향이었다. 10. 단백질을 제외한 모든 영양소의 이용율은 에너지 수준이 증가함에 따라 증가하였지만, 단백질수준에 따라서는 건물의 이용율만 감소하는 경향이었고 다른 영양소의 이용율은 차이가 없었다. 11. 복강지방축적율은 에너지수준이 증가할수록 점차 증가하는 경향이었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 우리나라의 사료적 여건이나 환경적 여건하에서 산란계사료의 대사에너지 수준은 2,500kcal/kg, 단백질수준은 15%가 적합할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.90-99
• /
• 1994

This study was carried out to examine how dietary protein and calcium levels in rats fed fat-enriched diet affect the total lipid and cholesterol contents of blood and tissues. Male Sprauge-Dawley rats weighing approximately 200g were fed six purified diets which contained 18%(w/w) beef tallow, 1% (w/w) cholesterol, two source of protein, casein or isolated soy protein (ISP) and three levels of dietary calcium, 0.1%, 0.4% and 1.0%, first, for four weeks, and second, for eight weeks. The contents of the total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride in blood, liver, heart and feces were determined. After four weeks feeding serum lipid and cholesterol concentrations significantly decreased in rats fed 1.0% (w/w) level calcium, regardless of dietrary protein sources. After eight weeks, these concentrations were significantly lower in the rats fed soy protein than in casein-fed rats. As dietary calcium level increased serum and tissue lipid and cholesterol contents were decreased and fecal lipid excretion increased. It is concluded that hypolipidemic and/or hypocholesterolemic effects of soy protein and calcium were partly due to decrease in lipid absorption.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.231-247
• /
• 1993

This study was designed to confirm the effect of dietary protein level and oral administration of tryptophan on brain serotonin metabolism. Two animal experiments were conducted. The objectives and results of research were as follows : In the first experiment, it was investigated whether administration of reserpine to Sprague-Dawley rats fed 6% or 20% casein diet induced decrease in serum tryptophan and large neutral amino acid(LNAA) concentrations, tryptophan/LNAA concentration ratio, brain tryptophan, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5-HIAA) contents. Brain serotonin content of 6% casein diet group was lower than those of 20% casein diet group. Both 6% and 20% casein diet groups administered with reserpine to induce the analogous depression, showed the notable decrease in brain serotonin content when they were compared with 20% casein diet group not administered with reserpine. Serum tryptophan/LNAA ration and brain 5-HIAA content showed a tendency similar to the change of serotonin content, but the mean difference among all groups was not significant. From these results, it could be said that when the dietary protein level was low, brain serotonin content was decrease. The second experimnt was to see the change in serum tryptophan concentration and tryptophan/LNAA ratio and brain tryptophan, serotonin and 5-HIAA content when tryptophan was administered orally to the animals treated with reserpine. Serum tryptophan concentration tended to increase in both reserpine-treated 6% and 20% casein diet groups administered with tryptophan, especially in the 6% casein diet group. Serum tryptophan/LNAA concentration ratio tended to incrase in reserpine-tteated 6% casein diet group, while decrease in reserpine-treated 20% casein diet group. Brain tryptophan content was increased in both reserpine-treated 6% and 20% casein diet groups. However, brain serotonin content of reserpine-treated 6% casein diet group showed a tendency to decrease, while that of reserpine-treated 20% casein group increase. Consequently, the effect of tryptophan administration on increase of brain tryptophan and serotonin content in animals treated with reserpine was far more excellent in 20% casein diet groups. It was concluded that dietary protein intake and tryptophan administration increase brain serotonin level. Accordingly, it was possible to confirm that brain function, particularly in aspect of behavior related to the serotonin, was changed with manipulation of dietary composition.