• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.37-51
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the degree of different stresses and to search the influence of food habit and nutrient intakes at stress situation in university students and secondary school teachers. The data was collected by questionnaire method and searched nutrient intakes by 24 hours recall. The subjects were 282 students and 152 high school teacher in Kyunggi do. Physical status was no difference with two groups. Energy intake of teachers was lower than that of students, but the intakes of vitamin A and C were high in teachers' group. The university students had more stress situation than teachers in almost kind of stresses except overload stress. Self-diagnosed dietary habits were better in the group of teacher. Especially smoke and alcohol drink behavior were correlated with nutrient intakes in male teachers and students. The quantity of nutrient of nutrient intakes was correlated with different kind of stress. The stress of life event was correlated with the intakes of carbohydrate, minerals, thiamin and riboflavin, and the deprivation was with iron and vitamin A in teachers' group. The intake of almost nutrients was correlated with the stress of noise in students' group. By the analysis of stepwise multiple regression, although the $R^2$ values were very low, vitamin C intake was influenced in the factor at the stress of life events($R^2$=0.025), self-efface($R^2$=0.030) and noise($R^2$=0.020), thiamin was at food induced stress ($R^2$=0.021) and vitamin A was at the stress of type A behavior($R^2$=0.022) and anxiety response($R^2$=0.014). Therefore, we could concluded that different kind of stresses were influenced in dietary behavior and nutrient intakes. More research would be needed at the aspects of health promotion in the stressful situation of modern society.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.317-328
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• 2020

Objectives: The objective of this study was to verify the validity of a mobile phone application (app) that applies a 24-hour dietary recall with meal photos, as a means of being a more accurate method of estimating dietary sodium intake. Methods: Of the 203 subjects enrolled, 172 subjects (84 males and 88 females) were selected for the final analysis, excluding those with an intake less than 500 kcal and urine output less than 500 ml. Dietary sodium assessment methods used for comparing with the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion are as follows: 1) face-to-face 24-hour dietary recall, 2) 24-hour dietary recall using the mobile app, 3) face-to-face 24-hour dietary recall considering liquid intakes from soup, stew, water kimchi and noodle, etc (liquid-based dishes), 4) 24-hour dietary recall using the mobile app considering liquid intakes from liquid-based dishes, and 5) food frequency questionnaire. Repeated ANOVA with Bonferroni method was used for comparing the average sodium intake, and Pearson's correlation was applied to correlate the methods used. Results: In women, no significant difference was observed in the average sodium intake between all methods. Moreover, analysis in men and total adults revealed no significant difference between the 24-hour urinary sodium secretion, and 24-hour dietary recall using the app and 24-hour dietary recall using the app considering liquid intakes. Sodium intake by food frequency questionnaire was significantly different when compared with the intake determined from 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Sodium intake from all methods (except food frequency questionnaire) significantly correlated with values obtained from 24-hour urine sodium excretion. Conclusions: Results of this study validated a mobile phone app using a 24-hour dietary recall with meal photos to better estimate dietary sodium intakes. It is believed that further studies in the future will enable the application as a tool to more accurately determine sodium intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.763-770
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• 2002

This study was carried out to see dietary intakes of patients with coronary heart disease since we don't understand their dietary patterns even though the mortality and prevalence rate of coronary hear disease are increasing in this country. We studied 75 coronary heart disease patients and 150 randomly selected controls, matched for age, sex, height and weight, in a population based study. All subjects completed a questionnaire that included disease history, diagnosis time, current treatment, etc., a 24 hour dietary recall, and measurement of height and weight. Compared to controls, patients had less likely to drink alcohol and smoke cigarette (p＜0.05). The energy intake of patients was significantly lower than that of controls, but the intakes of fiber, $\beta$-carotene, sodium, folate, vitamin C, potassium in male patients and those of vitamin C and sodium in female patients were significantly higher than those of controls (p＜0.05). Mean adequacy ratio and dietary variety score of patients were also higher than those of controls (p＜0.05). Patient group's consumed less cereals than controls, but more vegetables, milk products, and nuts in male patients and fruits, beans and seasonings in female patients compared to controls'. There were not significant differences of lipid compositions between two groups, except linolenic acid. These data suggest that patients with coronary heart disease in Korea had better dietary nutrient intakes compared to healthy controls, which might be helpful to prevent recurrence of coronary heart disease.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.411-425
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• 2011

This study was conducted to examine differences in nutrient intakes by the compliance with the Dietary Action Guide for Korean Children. The subjects included 343 elementary school students in Gwangju city. Compliance with the Dietary Action Guide for Children showed that 62.4% of subjects had breakfast everyday; 44.3% of subjects ate vegetables/fruits/milk and dairy products daily; 26.8% of subjects ate a variety of lean meats/fish/eggs/bean products daily; 32.9% of subjects enjoyed outdoor activity everyday and ate according to their energy needs; 40.2% of subjects chose healthy and nutritious foods for snack; and 15.5% of subjects avoided food waste. Intakes of most of nutrients including energy were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in those who complied with the Dietary Action Guide well. Also nutrient intakes had the positive correlation with the scores of Dietary Action Guide (p < 0.05). From these results, nutrient intakes of children were significantly influenced by dietary factors suggested in the Dietary Action Guide for Children. In addition, the results also confirmed that good food behaviors were indispensible to maintaining a proper nutritional status. Based on these results, good food behaviors and practice were critical to secure good health and proper nutritional status for children, and that nutrition education should be strengthened in school as well as at home.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.500-511
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the anthropometric data, bone density, serum profiles, nutrient intakes and diet quality of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. For the study, we obtained data for analysis from the combined 2008~2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The height and weight were 157.8 cm and 58.7 kg in premenopausal women and 155.5 cm and 58.3 kg in postmenopausal women, respectively. The obesity rate was 27.49% in premenopausal women and 34.98% in postmenopausal women (p<0.001). Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, GOT, GPT and alkaline phosphatase in postmenopausal women were significantly higher than those in premenopausal women (p<0.001). The prevalence of osteoporosis was 0.0~0.89% in premenopausal women and 0.48~13.22% in postmenopausal women (p<0.001). In postmenopausal women, rates of hypertension, stroke, myocardial infarction, depression, and diabetes were significantly higher than those in premenopausal women. Water, fat. ash, sodium, retinol, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin intakes in premenopausal women were significantly higher than those in postmenopausal women. Water, fiber, Ca, and, K intakes were below KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans) in both groups. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of premenopausal women was higher than that of postmenopausal women (p<0.001). The index of nutritional quality (INQ) in premenopausal women was also higher than that of postmenopausal women except iron and vitamin C. Therefore dietary guidelines and an education program should be developed for desirable improvement of health, bone density, nutrient status and dietary quality of postmenopausal women.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.223-231
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• 2019

Objectives: This study evaluated dietary intakes of total fat and fatty acids among the Korean adult population. Methods: This cross-sectional study used the 2016-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. A total of 10,772 subjects aged ${\geq}19y$ for which dietary data were available were selected. Data pertaining to energy and nutrient intakes were obtained by a 24-h recall method. Total fat and fatty acids intakes were evaluated based on the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) of 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans by sex and age groups. All statistical analyses accounted for the complex sampling design effect and sampling weights. Results: The mean intakes of energy and total fat were 1,952 kcal (95% CI: 1928-1977) and 46.1 g (45.2-47.1), respectively, and about 21% of the energy was obtained from fat in this study population (21.7% in men and 20.2% in women). The mean percentages of energy from saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 6.4%, 6.7%, and 5.2%, respectively. About 18% of adults exceeded the AMDR for fat (30% of energy), whereas 37.6% exceeded the AMDR for saturated fatty acids (7% of energy). The proportions of subjects who consumed more than the AMDR for fat and saturated fatty acids decreased across age groups in both sexes. Among young adults (19-29 y), about 63% of the subjects obtained ${\geq}7%$ of their energy from saturated fatty acids. About 61% of older adults obtained less than 15% of their energy from total fat. Conclusions: Increased intake of fat energy was prominent in saturated fatty acids. Our findings suggest current information on total fat and fatty acids intakes in Korean adults and can be used to provide dietary guidelines for the improvement of public health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.678-687
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• 2001

This study was carried out to compare the dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes among the students(13 years of age) of middle schools between in industrial complex and in non-industrial complex. The subjects of each group were composed of 192 male and female teenagers living in Ansan city in Korea, and this study was performed by questionnaire and dietary survey. As a result, mothers' education level and monthly family income were lower in industrial complex-families(ICF) than those in non-industrial complex-families(NICF). The subjects in ICF took dinner more irregularly than did those in NICF. The subjects in ICF skipped the meals often as there was no person preparing meals'. The subjects in ICF tended to take ra-myun, cookie or bread more often as a lunch, and they considered size and price of snack more imporandy when they chose snack than those in NICF. And the subjects in ICF had lower degree of flood habits and satisfaction on their meals than those in NICF. The daily intakes of calorie, vitamin B$_2$, calcium and iron of subjects of two groups were lower than the Korean RDA, and these intakes were lower in ICF than in NICF. These findings show that dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes were poor among the students of middle schools in ICF, in part it seems to be related to the fact that the group of ICF has low family income and mothers of ICF have the jobs that are finished late or irregularly. Therefore, these results underscore the need to provide the nutritional education for the students of middle schools and their mothers in ICF with respect to the importance of optimal nutrition through sound dietary behaviors during the adolescence.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 2008

This study was conducted to compare of health status, dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes according to family types of the elderly in rural areas. Family types were divided into three types-elderly living alone, elderly living with spouse, and elderly living with spouse and children. Subjects were 119 persons aged over 65 years (34 male, 85 females) living in rural areas and period of survey was from 29 January 2007 to 2 February. General environmental factors, health status, dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes were compared according to family types, the elderly living along showed a significantly lower in monthly income(p<0.01), self perceived health status(p<0.001), Instrumental Activity of Daily Living(IADL) score, and General Self Efficacy Scale(GSES) score compared to the elderly living with spouse and those living with spouse and children. However, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D) was higher than those of the elderly living family members (p<0.05). In addition, sum of dietary behavior score was the lowest in the elderly living alone (22.3 in elderly living alone, 24.1 in elderly living with spouse, 23.4 in elderly living with spouse and children, p<0.001) and nutrient intakes of potassium, zinc, vitamin C(p<0.01 respectively), calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin B6 and folic acid(p<0.05 respectively) also reported to be significantly lower in the elderly living alone than in others of two types. From these results, health status, dietary behavior pattern and nutrient intakes of the elderly living alone were found to be inadequate overall, so measures to deal with these health and nutritional status were needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.385-394
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the zinc status of preschool children in Ulsan. The study was conducted in 95 children aged 3 to 6 years by investigating the anthropometric indices and assessing the biochemical analysis. The blood was analysed to assess serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase. And a questionnaire for dietary intakes using 24-hr recall method were performed by mothers of 95 subjects. The dietary intakes of children were analysed to determine the prevalence of inadequate and excessive intakes of zinc with Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). WHL (Weight-Length Index) and Kaup index were used to define obesity. The overall prevalence of overweight and obese subjects were 14.7% and 6.3% by WHL, were 15.8% and 13.7% by Kaup index. The mean intakes of zinc by children aged 3${\sim}$5y and 6y were 5.5 ${\pm}$ 1.4 mg/d (75.7% RDA) and 6.7 ${\pm}$ 2.0 mg/d, respectively, that was the level exceeding the estimated average requirement (EAR) and the recommended intake (RI) of Korean Dietary Reference Intakes. Less than 1.3% and 7.9% of children had usual zinc intakes below EAR and RI of KDRIs, respectively. The percentages of children with intakes exceeding the tolerable upper intake level (UL) were 2.6%. The zinc nutritional status by biological assay was found that mean serum zinc and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of total subjects were 64.0 ${\pm}$ 8.4 ${\mu}$g/dl and 72.8 ${\pm}$ 14.9 U/L, there was not a significant difference between boys and girls. The range of serum zinc level was 45${\sim}$89 ${\mu}$g/dl and children with a low serum zinc concentration by several cut-off points were 18.9${\sim}$55.8%, especially. Serum zinc level was positively correlated to the intakes of calorie, calcium, fiber, iron, zinc, zinc/kg and height (p<0.001). Serum ALP was positively correlated height, weight and WLI. The zinc intake of children aiso showed a positive correlation with height and weight. These results indicate that there were significant correlations between the zinc status and growth of preschool children. Preschool children in Ulsan have dietary zinc intakes that exceed the new DRIs. The present level of intake does not seem to pose a health problem, but if zinc intakes with fortified foods and supplements were considered, the amount of zinc consumed by children may become excessive.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate nutritional knowledge, dietary attitudes, and dietary behaviors of adult women, and to examine if these characteristics were different by acne status. Subjects were 106 adult women residing in Seoul recruited from clients and employers at skin care centers, and housewives from apartment complexes. Surrey instrument was adapted or modified based on literature review and dietary intakes were assessed using 24-hour recalls for two days and CAN-pro. All data was statistically analyzed using x$^2$test and ANOVA. When examined by acne status, 41.5% of subjects were categorized into acne group, 20.8% were as ex-acne group, and 37.7% as no-acne group. Parental experience of acne was significantly related to acne status(p〈 0.01). Education, employmental status, and smoking or drinking status were not related to acne status. Subjects had a moderate level of nutritional knowledge(72.7 point) and the nutritional knowledge store was not significantly different by acne status. When examined by individual items, the groups showed significant difference on the items regarding vitamin C and necessity of carbohydrates(p 〈 0.05). Subjects showed favorable dietary attitudes. Although the acne group showed more favorable attitudes on the importance of nutrition on acne, the overall dietary attitudes of the acne group were not significantly different from the ex-acne group or no-acne group. Similarly only small differences were noticed in dietary behaviors or nutrient intakes by acne status. Cholesterol consumption was hitgher in the no-acne group than in the acne group or ex-acne group(p 〈 0.01). The intakes of energy, iron, and calcium was much below the RDA in three groups. Although there were not many significant differences in nutritional knowledge, dietary attitudes, and dietary behaviors by acne status, this study provided some baseline information regarding study variables by acne status.