• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.394-400
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• 1999

Since it has generally been considered that high-hat diets promote carcinogenesis, fat intake of less than 30% of total calories has been recommended to reduce the risk of cancer. Specific dietary guidelines for fat intake to reduce the risk of colon cancer have not yet been established. In order to determine the level of dietary fat needed the risk of colon cancer, rats were fed one of four experimental fat diets, very low(7% of total calories from corn oil, VLC), low(15% LC), medium (30%, MC), and high fat(45%, HC). Cell proliferation as an intermediate biomarker of color carcinogenesis was measured by the in vivo incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA. Fecal lipid excretion was measured by gravimetric method. As fat levels in the diet increased, fecal lipid concentrations also increased (VLC

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of body weight reduction of patty containing glucomannan in high fat diet-induced obese rats. Male Spraque-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control and high fat diets groups for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, the control and high fat diet groups were rearranged into 5 groups by different levels of patty containing glucomannan (60%). After 5 weeks, serum and whole blood levels were analyzed. Obesity index was significantly lower in the group fed patty containing glucomannan than that of high fat diet groups. The status of white blood cells in hematological examination was significantly higher in rats fed high fat diet and not significantly different from those fed patty. Serum albumin levels were not significantly different, while serum glucose levels were significantly different among groups. Serum Triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were the highest in rats fed high fat diets, while the lowest in rats fed patty containing glucomannan.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.566-577
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• 1993

The study was to compare the effect of dietary fatty acids on fatty acid profile in tissue and the status of tocopherol and lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities at two fat levels. Male Sprague Dawley rats weighing average 350g(17 weeks) were fed either low fat(LF, 4.3% w/w, 10% kcal) or high fat(HF, 20.8%, w/w, 40% kcal)diet for 6 weeks. The fats used were beef tallow as a source of saturated fatty acid, corn oil for n-6 linoleic acid, perilla oil for n-3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid and fish oil for n-3 eiocosapentatenoic acid(EPA) and n-3 docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). Palsma tocopherol was significantly reduced by fish oil compared to beef tallow at body fat level. However, there was no significant effect on the levels of plasma MDA, RBC MDA and tocopherol, and RBC hempolysis by the type and amount of dietary fat. The peroxidizibility index of fatty acid profile in plasma and liver was increased and liver MDA level was significantly increased by fish oil when dietary fat level was increased. The activities of SOD and GSHPx tended to be increased by perilla oil and fish oil at both fat oil significantly reduced the incorpration of c20:4 and increased the incorporation of c20:5 into liver compared to corn oil. The incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into tissue by perilla oil rich in $\alpha$-linolenic acid was significantly higher tan corn oil and its effect was improved with higher amount of perilla oil in diet by high fat diet. Overall, the lipid peroxidation of tissue could be prevented by tocopherol supplementation when dietary fat level was low in diet. However, at high fat diet, tocopherol supplementation might not be enough to prevent the lipid peroxidation in tissue since the potential for lipid peroxidation was tended to be increased with higher incorporation of higher unsaturated n-3 fatty acids into tissue. Therefore, it could not be recommended to consume large amount of fish oil even with excess amount of tocopherol supplemented to the high fat diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.817-826
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• 2005

Recently it has been reported that vitamin A and retinol binding proteins (RBPs) in blood and urine were changed in the condition of diabetes mellitus or hyperlipidemia. Fruits and vegetables are recommended to consume for the people suffered from these chronic degenerative diseases. The main components of fruits and vegetables are dietary fibers, for example cellulose and pectin, of which function to affect the absorption and excretion of dietary fat and fat-soluble substances. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary fibers on RBPs mRNA expression in liver, small intestine and serum of rat fed high fat diet during 4 weeks. Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 121g on average, were divided into four groups; (Control; $17\%$ fat & cellulose supplement diet, HF0: $25\%$ fat & fiber free diet, B:.Uc: $25\%$ fat & cellulose supplement diet and HF0: $25\%$ fat & pectin supplement diet) . The rats fed high fat diet groups (HF0, HFC, HFP) tended to consume the food less than the control group, but FER of HF0 groups was significantly higher than the control (p < 0.05) . The weight of adrenal gland in high fat diet groups (HF0, HFC, HFP) was significantly less than the control. Total lipid in feces daily excreted and in liver did not show any significant differences among the groups. Total cholesterol in HFP group was significantly different from that of HFC group. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride in other group tended to lower than other groups and HDL cholesterol higher. Consequently, AI (atherogenic index) was the lowest in HFP group. Vit A contents in feces daily excreted tended to lower in high fat diet groups (HF0, HFP) compared to the control group. That content in adrenal gland was the lowest in HF0 group, but not in liver. In HFP group were down-regulated cRBPI mRNA in liver and cRBPII mRNA in small intestine and up-regulated RBP and transthyretin expression in serum compared to the other groups. In conclusion, dietary fibers, especially pectin, in high fat diet might down-regulate the expression of CRBP I, CRBP II mRNA in liver and small intestine, but increase the secretion of RBP into serum and therefore inhance the bioavailability of Vit A through the body. (Korean J Nutrition 38(10): 817$\sim$826,2005)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.411-423
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to develop new meal planning tools for a nutritionally balanced diet. Methods: Based on the food exchange list for diabetes, we adjusted the food group classification system to reflect the suggested nutritional factors for chronic disease prevention and health promotion. We developed a nutritionally balanced dietary profile for adults and compared it with the dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) and the food pattern recommended by the Korean Diabetes Association. Results: The newly developed menu planning tools are the LOHAS food exchange table and the LOHAS food pattern. Our recommended daily 1,800 kcal dietary composition for adults is as follows: The carbohydrate food group consists of 4 'whole grains', 3 'refined grains', 2 'sugars', 9 'vegetables', 3 'starchy vegetables', 2 'fruits' and 1 'high sugar fruits'. The protein food group includes 3 'plant protein foods', 3 'animal protein foods (low-fat)', and 1 'animal protein foods (high-fat)'. The fat food group consists of 2 'oils and nuts' and 1 'solid fats'. The total number of calories is estimated at 1,840 kcal and the energy ratio is 62% carbohydrate, 18% protein, 20% fat, 6.8% saturated fat and 13.2% sugars. Using the LOHAS food exchange table, it is possible to estimate values of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, dietary fiber, and sugars besides carbohydrate, protein and fat. It is also possible to compose a dietary design considering carbohydrate, sugars, saturated fat and dietary fiber. The LOHAS food pattern provides benefits for the management of both institutional food services and individual meals, as it can help reduce the levels of saturated fat and sugar intake and help develop healthy meals rich in unsaturated fats and dietary fiber. Conclusions: The LOHAS food exchange table and LOHAS food pattern are expected to be practical tools for designing and evaluating nutritionally balanced diets.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1996

Male rats of 2 months-old(young), 6 months-old(adult) and 30 months-old(old)were fed 8 or 16 weeks to investigate the e(feats of dietary fat level on the lipid metabolism in the different stages of aging. The response of 30 month old rats to dietary fat level differed from either 2 or 6-months old rats. In 30-months old rats, dietary fat level had a little effect on weight gains, lipid content of serum as compared with other two age groups. Young rats showed higher body weight gain, F.S.R, and PER compared with aged rat. The younger and the more high fat fed the rats were, the more body weight gains, FER and PER showed. Weight of liver and kidney was increased in aged rats but ratio per unit weight of liver and kidney was not affected by age. Serum lipid content was higher in aged rat compared with the young and liver lipid content was higher in high fat diet fed rats. But TG of liver and serum was not changed with aging process. Intake, excretion and absorption of lipid was not changed by age of animals. but absorption was decreased as experimental period was increased.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.767-776
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of body fat by three different methods and to investigate the relationship between food preference and intake and percentage of body fat in female high school dancers. Height, weight , girth circumference, and near infrared body fat(%) on were measured 112 subjects BMI body fat (%) , girth circumference body fat (%) , and anthropometric indices were also calculated . Dietary data was collected by questionnaire. All data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, correlation, and crosstabulation; analysis, The results are summarized as follows ; 1) Average age of the subjects was 16.5 height was 161.0cm, weight was 50.7kg , near infra-red body fat was 27.0% BMI body fat was 21.9% , and girth circumference body fat 20.9%. 2) Near infra-red body fat (%), BMI body fat(%) , BMI , Rohrer index , and % ideal weight showed the most significant correlations with upper arm girth. The differences in the height among subject physiques classified by body fat(%) were non-significant, but the differences in height by BMI, Rohrer index, and % ideal weight were significant. 3) The preference values of fatty foods such as meat, milk, and fish were shown to increase with the percentage of body fat, The subjects who had higher percentage of body fat preferred foods cooked in oil. In contrast, the students with higher percentage of body fat were thought to have lower food intake and between meals frequencies. It was shown in this study that higher preference values for animal fatty foods and foods containing more cooking oil induced significant increases in body fat and weight.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.415-422
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of grape pomace on lipid peroxidation and related enzyme activities of rats fed high fat diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 90 g were assigned to 4 experimental groups of 8 rats on the basis of their body weight. The high fat diet contained additional 15% lard to AIN 93-based diet. Rats were fed experimental diets containing 5% grape pomace for 4 weeks. Dietary supplementation of grape pomace reduced serum concentration of lipid peroxide in rats fed high fat diet. Hepatic concentration of lipid peroxide tended to be lower by feeding grape pomace. Hepatic total glutathione content and GSH/GSSG ratio were increased by grape pomace feeding in normal or high fat diet groups. Hepatic superoxide dismutase activity of grape pomace group with high fat diet was induced significantly compared with high fat diet group without grape pomace. Hepatic catalase activity of high fat fed rats was induced by feeding grape pomace. Grape pomace diet increased glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities in rat liver fed high fat. Hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity was not affected by dietary supplementation of grape pomace in rats fed high fat. These results suggest that dietary supplementation of grape pomace may alleviate lipid peroxidation through antioxidant effect in rats fed high fat.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.137-140
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• 2003

Anti-obesity effect of a new dietary supplement (3D-relax) in high-fat fed rats. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 3D-relax; a proprietary formulation containing hydroxycitrate (233 mg/g), carnitine (150 mg/g) and red pepper (150 mg/g); on body weight, body fat, and serum lipids levels in rats fed a high-fat diet. Male SD 7-wk-old rats (n=8) were fed a high fat diet [52% total dietary energy (E%) from fat, 15.4 E% protein, 32.6E% carbohydrate] with or without 3D-relax administration (1 g/kg body weight/day) for 3 weeks. Administration of 3D-relax significantly reduced the increase in body weight compared to the group fed high fat without 3D-relax. Food efficiency ratio (FER) tended to be decreased with administration of 3D-relax, but was not significant. The perirenal and epididymal fat pad weights of vats administered 3D-relax were significantly lower than those of the high fat group that did not ingest 3D-relax during the 3 weeks. The oral administration of 3D-relax significantly increased HDL-cholesterol level and lowered total cholesterol level compared to those of high fat alone group. These results suggest that 3D-relax reduced body weight and fat gains, and those effects are presumably linked to its inhibitory effects on lipogenesis.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.370-375
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• 2014

Cladosiphon okamuranus is edible brown algae cultured commercially and massively at Okinawa coast. Dietary fiber occupying most of C. okamuranus isn't digested and absorbed by digestive enzymes of human. But it is known to prevent and treat constipation as metabolic disease. This study was to investigate the effects of dietary fiber extracted from C. okamuranus on the damage of liver and the blood cholesterol level in the high fat diet-fed rats. The effects were measured by the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), alanine aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) in sera. The levels of ALT, AST, TC, TG and LDL were significantly reduced in the C. okamuranus-treated group compared with the high fat diet group. But HDL level was markedly increased. The results showed that the dietary fiber extracts from C. okamuranus have the inhibitive effects of cholesterol biosynthesis in the high fat diet-fed rats.