• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.53-63
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was quantitative and qualitative contents analysis of food and nutrition section in middle school textbooks of home economics, physical education and science. As a quantitative approach numbers of sentence lines tables, figures, photos, activities, and exercises were counted. As a qualitative approach, types of explanations were categorized by 7 criteria, and commons and differences of the contents of those subjects were compared. The conclusions of this study were summarized as follows: 1) Contents of food and nutrition section were divided into nutrients. water. energy, food groups, and nutritional problems. When average sentence lines of each were compared, those of nutrients were the longest in all 3 subjects. 2) When compared the numbers of tables, figures, and photos in 3 subjects of textbooks, there were more figures in home economics and science, and more tables in physical education. 3) There were more activities and exercises in home economics an science than in physical education. 4) The D(sentences with table) or E type(sentences with figure) was adapted for the explanation of nutrients functions, recommended dietary allowance, food sources, food groups, eating habits, and weight control in home economics: nutritions functions and energy metabolism in physical education : and digestion, body constituents, energy metabolism, and detection of nutrients in science. 5) Contents about classification and functions of nutrients. food sources deficiency water, energy contents of nutrients and obesity were shown in all 3 subjects. Food groups and eating habits were explained in detail in home economics whereas digestion of nutrients in the digestive tracts were explained in detail in science. Recommended dietary allowance for Koreans and basic food groups revised in 1995 were presented in home economics, whereas those revised in 1989 were presented in physical education. To avoid confusion, recommended dietary allowance for Koreans and food groups presented in physical education tex should be updated.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.645-653
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• 2018

Twenty-five sows and 265 piglets (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) were used to evaluate the effects of dietary energy level on the pre-weaning and post-weaning performance of piglets and first parity sows. Sows with an average initial B.W. of $217.54{\pm}25.47kg$ were randomly assigned to 2 treatments. The treatments consisted of a T1 diet containing 3,100 kcal, and the T2 diet contained 3400 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg, respectively. Data were analyzed using Duncan statements to test the effect of the dietary energy levels on growth performance in lactating sows and piglets. In this study, Dietary T2 sows had a greater number of weaned piglets per litter (p < 0.05). Dietary T2 had a higher (p < 0.05) body weight than that of T1 in the weanlings, meanwhile it had a higher total average daily gain (p < 0.05) than that of T1. Dietary T1 had a higher average feed intake than that of T2 in gestation and lactation. There were no significant differences on the litter size or litter birth weight. No differences (p > 0.05) were noted in the survival of the piglets as well as in the backfat thickness and body weight loss in sows. In conclusion, these results show that high-energy diets had no effect on the body weight and backfat thickness of sows during gestation and lactation but influenced the body weight and average daily gain of weanling pigs during the lactation period.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.742-752
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to offer information related to recommended dietary allowances for young children and food guidelines for preschool children in Sweden. Sweden, located in Europe, is the most developed country for young child care system. Swedish nutrition policy background, Swedish recommended dietary allowances for young children, and food guidelines of early childhood education center in Sweden were used. The number of Swedish child care centers increased from 70,000 in 1970 to 700,000 in 2000. The Swedish Institute of Public Health promoted children's indoor and outdoor activity. The aim of the Swedish public health contains children's safety, good food habits, and eating food safely. Swedish Food Administration made recommended dietary allowance and food guidelines for children care centers. The aim of food guidelines was to increase energy, calcium, iron, and dietary fiber intake. Swedish RDA contains minimum and maximum intake as well as mean intake for macro and micro nutrients. The fat intake ratio of energy is increased for younger children. For preschool children, the food guideline is determined by dietary allowances for breakfast, lunch, and snack respectively. Food guideline contains meal time schedule, menu for each meal using food model, amount of food for age group, and recommended dietary allowance for each meal. It is recommended for Korean early childhood education center: 1) Korean RDA for young children should be made range of intake, minimum and maximum intake. 2) Food guideline should be make for Korean child care center. 3) Korean child care centers should offer an afternoon snack twice for children who return home late. 4) Nutrition education program for preschool teachers should be developed for children's good eating habits and health promotion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.197-206
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• 1988

Age, sex and the amount of activity determine recommended dietary allowances. So the method of developing RDA and their levels have been revised according as the physical condition of a nation improves and the amount of activity changes along with the variety of social situations. It can be seen from records that in Korea the absolute nutrient requirements for the people in Chosun Dynasty were first published in 1922. After that, in 1941 Gui Dong Han expressed his view that the standard health diets for the Japanese would be suitable for the people in Chosun Dynasty. In 1960, the temporary nutrition standards for the Koreans were established by the Ministry of the Health and Social Affairs. For these standards, males and females were respectively divided into three groups by age and nine nutrients were recommended for each group. In 1962, The Korean Association to FAO published the RDA for the Koreans. Since then, regular researches have been done. For these allowances, there were 16 age groups of men and women and ten nutrients recommended for each group. On the first revision in 1967, the fat allowance was presented at the ratio (12%) of fat calorie to total calories with no change in the number of age catagories and in the kinds of nutrients. And the basis of the riboflavin allowance was changed from the level of protein intake to that of energy intake. On the socond revision in 1975, there was brought 19 are catagories and ten nutrients recommended. On the third revision in 1980, age catagories increased to 22, and ten nutrients were recommended. On the fourth revision in 1985, there remained 21 groups by uniting the early and later periods of pregency. On the first revision in 1967, the recommended energy allowance was 3000 kcal, the highest level. Since then it has gradually been reduced. And it can be noticed that the protein allowance was high when food was difficult to obtain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.655-661
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• 1992

Form reports of the Korean National Nutrition Survey from 1969 to 1989, trends of nutrients intakes are reported as follows. The amount of energy intakes are decreased gradually. The proportion of energy from cereals to total energy are decreased from 85.9 percent at 1969 to 66.5 percent at 1989. There are increasing trend for the proportion of energy from animal foods to the total energy. The amount of protein intakes are increasing gradually. The ratio of animal protein to the plant protein have been increasing since the survey has been started. The amount of fat intakes are also increasing. The proportion of energy from the fat and protein to total energy had been shown increasing trends. Gradually, the calcium and iron intakes are increasing over the years. But the intakes of calcium is less than the average dietary allowance of subject examine until recently. The intakes of thiamin, showing adequate intake, are almost equal to the average dietary allowance. For the riboflavin, the amount of intakes are increasing from the mid nineteen-eighty. But the intake of riboflavin is less than the average dietary allowance. For the niacin and ascorbic acid, the amount of intakes are showing variations. But the amount of intakes are not inadequate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.782-790
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• 1995

The longitudinal changes in protein secretion from 27 lactating women(primiparae = 10, multiparae=17) and protein intake of infants have been studied from 0.5 to 6 months postpartum in Chungju and Anseong area. The protein contents o breast milk in primiparae appeared significantly higher than in multipaae at 0.5 and 1 month postpartum. The protein secretion of primiparae and multiparae was not significantly different. In breast-feeding period, there was a tendency that protein secretion from 0.5 to 2 months postpartum was higher than thereafter. Average protein intake of boys from milk from 0.5 to 6 months postpartum was significantly higher than that of girls(p<0.05), because volume of milk intake of boys was much more than that of girls. In the amount of protein intake per infant weight, there was no significant difference between boys and girls. Protein intakes per infant weight decreased during lactation. Mean energy consumption of lactating women was 2,327㎉/day, which was 93.1% of recommended energy allowance for Koreans. Mean dietary protein consumption of lactating women was 81g/day, which was 101.3% of recemmended protein allowance for Koreans. Energy ratio of carbohydrate : protein : lipid was appeared to 68.8 : 13.9 : 17.3.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 1999

Diet quality index DQI) offers a new way of comparing eating habits across populations and across countries. Nutrients and food consumption data from 100 elderly Korean women aged 65 and older were collected in Seoul or Kyunggi-do, Korea by the 24 hour recall method. Diet quality index (DQI) was computed for 1049 elderly women (65 and older) from the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) in the US according to US dietary guidelines, and applied to the diet of elderly Korean women for purposes of comparison. A modified 16-point DQI awarded 2 points each for moderate consumption of fat ($\leq$ 30% energy), saturated fat ($\leq$ 10%), cholesterol ($\leq$ 300 mg/day), sodium ($\leq$ 2400 mg/day), and protein ($\leq$ 100% RDA), adequate intakes of carbohydrate ($\qeq$50% energy) and calcium ($\qeq$ 100% RDA), and plenty of fruits and vegetables ($\qeq$ 5 servings). Criteria were based on US dietary guidelines. Partial scores were given if subjects were close to meeting these cutoff points. Diets with $\leq$ 300 mg cholesterol/day were reported by 97% or the Korean sample and 82% of the American sample, while 90% of the Koreans and 42% of the Americans met the goal of $\leq$ 30% of energy from fat, and 98% of the Koreans and 47% of American met the recommendation of $\leq$ 10% of energy from saturated fat. In contrast, only 8% of the Korean sample met the sodium recommendation of $\leq$ 2400 mg sodium per day, whereas 54% of the American subjects met this goal. The mean DQI scores were 10.1 for the elderly American women and 11.3 for the elderly Korean women. Overall, the elderly Korean diet was more consistent with the US dietary guidelines than the elderly American diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.540-549
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• 2004

Infants and children with food related Atopic Dermatitis (AD) need extra dietary efforts to maintain optimal nutrition due to food restriction to prevent allergy reactions. However, nutrition ignorance and food faddism make patients even more confused and practice desirable diet more difficult. The objective of this study was to report the AD patients' malnutrition cases in Korea. We report on 2 cases of severe nutritional deficiency caused by consuming macrobiotic diets which avoid processed foods and most animal foods, i.e. one of vegetarian diet. Case 1, a 12-month-old male child, was admitted with severe marasmus. Because of a history of AD, he was started on mixed grain porridge at 3 months without any breast milk or formula feeding. His caloric intake was 66% and protein intake was 69% of the recommended dietary allowance. Patient's height and weight was under 3th percentile. On admission the patient was unable to crawl or roll over. Case 2, a 9-month-old AD female patient, was diagnosed with kwashiorkor and rickets. She was also started on mixed grain porridge at 100 days due to AD. Her caloric intake has been satisfied recommended dietary allowance until 7 months, however, she conducted sauna bath therapy and reduced both energy and protein intake at 8 months. The amount of protein intake for case 2 was higher than recommended dietary allowance, but, sauna therapy and severe AD with intakes of low guality protein may increase patient's protein requirement resulting in kwashiorkor. Case 2 patient's height and weight was on 3th percentile. Both cases showed low intake of calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin E and especially very low intake of vitamin B$_{12}$ and vitamin D. Allergy tests for certain foods had not done prior to admission for both cases. They followed the dietary advise operated by macrobiotic diet internet site. In conclusion, AD infants' parents and caregivers should contact a pediatrician trained as a specialist in allergy for accurate diagnosis. For infant patients, breast or formula feeding including hypoallergenic formula should be continued until their one year of age. When certain foods need to be restricted or to follow special diets such as vegetarian diet, consultation with pediatrician and dietitian is needed.d.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.192-200
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• 1998

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of feeding higher protein feeds with lesser amount, but feeding the constant total protein input for all treatments, on water quality and nitrite toxicity in channel catfish ponds. There was no significant difference in survival rate among treatments $(P>0.05)$. Specific growth rate (SGR) for Treatment 1$(28\%\;protein\;and\;100\%\;of\;satiation)$ was significantly higher $(P>0.05)$ than for Treatment 3$(36\%\;protein\;and\;87.5\%\;of\;satiation)$, but not significantly higher than for Treatment 2 $(32\%\;protein\;and\;77.8\%\;of\;satiation)$ at constant digestible energy (DE), 3.08kcal/g (treatments 1, 2 and 3). At constant DE/P (treatments 4, 2 and 5), no significant difference in SGR was observed among treatments. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) slightly improved or improved as dietary protein level increased from $28\%$ to $32\%$ and feed allowance decreased by $12.5\%$, but did not improve as dietary protein level increased from $32\%$ to $36\%$ and feed allowance decreased by $22.2\%$, at constant DE and constant DE/P. There was no significant difference in water quality variables, such as total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, chlorophyll a, soluble phosphorous concentrations among treatments, but significant difference in water quality variables over time as amount of feed fed increased $(P<0.0001)$. There was a trend toward increase in TAN and nitrite over time. A strong linear regression was observed between mean total ammonia nitrogen and nitrite for all treatments Y (Nitrite) =$0.04\times (TAN)+0.01$, $R_2=0.89$. Methemoglobin percent in the blood of catifish was not significantly different among treatments. And its mean value was $7.5\%$, which was relatively low, so that it was not serious problem in catfish production pond under these experiment conditions. There was the stronger linear regression between the percentage of Methemoglobin and the molar ratio of nitrite to chloride rather than nitrite alone: $Y\;(Methemoglobin\;\%)\;=\;58.45\;\times\;(NO^{2-}/Cl^-)\;+\;0.41,\;R^2=0.60$. These results indicate that deterioration of water quality has no strong impact on poor weight gain for $36\%$ dietary protein in this study.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.16 no.sup1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2022

Research articles were reviewed to validate the estimated energy requirements (EERs) equations developed by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (IOM). These equations are based on total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. We subsequently aimed to provide the basis for the suitability to apply the IOM equations as EER equations for Koreans, and develop relevant equations for EER in the Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans (KDRI). Additionally, besides the EER(IOM) equations, other equations were examined for EER estimation. Research papers demonstrating the validation of the EER(IOM) equations based on TEE(DLW) were searched through PubMed (up to September 2019). Of the 637 potentially relevant articles identified, duplicates and unsuitable titles and abstracts were excluded. Furthermore, papers with irrelevant subject and inappropriate study design were also excluded. Finally, 11 papers were included in the review. Among the reviewed papers, 8 papers validated the application of the EER(IOM) equations for EER based on TEE(DLW). These included 3 studies for children (USA 1, Korea 2), 1 for adolescents (Portugal), 2 for adults (Korean), and 2 for the elderly (Korea, USA). EER(IOM) equations were found to be generally acceptable for determining EER by using the DLW method, except for Korean boys at 9-11 yrs (overestimated) and female athletes at 19-24 yrs (underestimated). Additionally, 5 papers include the validation of other EER equations, beside EER(IOM) for EER based on TEE(DLW). In Japanese dietary reference intake and recommended dietary allowance, EER equations are acceptable for determining EER based on TEE(DLW). The EER(IOM) equations is generally acceptable for determining EER using the DLW method in Koreans as well as several populations, although certain defined groups were found to be unfit for the estimation. Additionally, the concept of healthy body mass index of Koreans and physical activity levels need to be considered, thereby providing the basis for developing relevant equations of EER in KDRI.