• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.185-197
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• 1991

An eating behavior research was done with 50 females at a buffet styled restaurant during their lunch time. Of the respondents, 52.0% were professional and 54.0% were graduate school graduates. Of the respondents, 58.0% of the company were friends and 24.0% were relatives. The average time period of eating was $93.0{\pm}23.4$ minutes. The average frequency of taking food was $4.0{\pm}1.1$ and the average frequency of taking food after satiety was $1.4{\pm}0.8$. It is significant that lower frequency of food consumption was directly proportional to the age groups of respondents. The average selected food items were $30.4{\pm}7.1$ out of 175 and the average weight of the consumed food was $995.0{\pm}240.9$ g. The older age group chose a similar number of food items, but the amount of each food item was considerably less than younger. So the younger the age group was, the more they ate. The average food items at one time was $7.1{\pm}2.2$ and the average food weight time was $233.7{\pm}69.7$ g. The percentage of respondents who evaluated themselves as 'ate too much' was 70.0% and those who evaluate themselves 'ate properly' was 14.0%. Most of them were satisfied with the buffet service. The average of number of food items consumed by respondents before cooking was $50.5{\pm}8.9$. The consumption of calories and nutrients was compared with the Korean Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances. The consumed calories were 60.9% of RDAs, protein 104.4%, calcium 77.1%, iron 129.8%, vitamin A 66.5%, thiamin 96.0%, riboflavin 95.7%, niacin126.6% and ascorbic acid 112.3%. This data exceeded 1/3 of the Korean Daily RDAs tremendously and tells us extreme overeating. The energy ratio of carbohydrate: fat: protein was 51.6: 29.9: 18.5. Caloric consumption of animal food was 27.9% and the consumption rate of the other nutrients from animal food was considerably high. But the consumption rate of vitamin A was 90.9% from vegetable groups. Accoding to this study, buffet service gives some advantages. It gives customers an good opportunity to vary their food intake, which enhances eating experiences and can cause an improvemont of food habits. But overeating is a problem. Therefore, we think it is necessary for those women who have influence over their family's food selection, to have nutrition education about a desirable order of eating a meal, food selection, and health problems due to overeating at buffet styled restaurant. There should be some improvement in the management of buffet service. For example, proper temperature, texture, and freshness of the food should be maintained. Prevention of mixed food smells should be considered as well. To lower the price it is desirable to reduce the number of similar items and to use seasonal food as much as possible. A buffet styled restaurant with less food items with cheaper prices is recommended. Various traditional food should be developed for the menu items. We expect buffet services to be sutable to maintain good health and to be popular to any eater.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.151-159
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• 2003

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of feeding Aspergillus oryzae(AO) ferment on performance, intestinal microflora, serum components, ammonia generation and litter dampness in broiler chicks. In experiment I, three hundred sixty, one day old broiler chicks, Abor Acres, were fed 0 and 0.1% of Aspergiilus oryzae short conidia ferment(AOS) and 0.1% of Aspergillus oryzae long conidia ferment(AOL) for five weeks. In experiment II, three hundred sixty, one day old broiler chicks, Abor Acres were fed 0, 0.1 and 0.2% of Aspergillus oryzae long conidia ferment(AOL) for five weeks. In experiment I, growth rates were not statistically different among dietary treatments. AOS and AOL showed increased tendency in weight gain and feed intake compared to those of control, whereas feed conversion was not different. Litter dampness of AOS and AOL was also tended to decrease compared to that of control, but was not significantly different. Fecal ammonia gas generation was decreased in feeding AOS and AOL, and maintained 1/2 to 3/4 compared to the control. In serum metabolites, AOS and AOL increased glucose and calcium, and decreased total protein, blood urea nitrogen and total cholesterol. In experiment II, body weight of chicks fed 0.1 and 0.2% AOL were heavier than the control(P<0.05). Feed intake of chicks fed 0.1 and 0.2% AOL also were higher than the none, but feed conversion ratio was not different among treatments. Ileal and cecal microflora showed increased tendency in lactic acid bacteria compared to those of the control. Salmonella and E. coli were decreased in ileum of chicks fed 0.1 and 0.2% AOL. In conclusion, feeding AO ferment increased growth performance and improved intestinal microflora of broiler chicks and environments of broiler house.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.36-46
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• 1976

This study was projected to provide basic data on prenatal care for future direction in maternity and child care, and also to investigate the diet of women during pregnancy and the period directly afterwards in order to offer to mothers appropriate advice for the improvement of nutritional standards. A clinical study on prenatal care was based on 1054 delivery cases. A nutritional survey was performed on 174 mothers admitted to the department of obstetrics at St. Mary's Hospital during the period of March, 1975 to February, 1976. The results obtained are summarized as follows; I. Clinical study on prenatal care 1) The age distribution showed 59.4% of the mothers were between the ages of 25 to 29 years old. 2) The gestational period was highest between the 37th and 40th gestational weeks. 33.7% of the mothers were primigravidae and 31.8% of them primiparae. 3) 41.3% of the mothers had not received prenatal care or had only received it once before. 4) Induced deliveries were 61.8% and spontantaneous deliveries 38.2%. 61.9% of the mothers had received prenatal care, while those without prenatal care accounted for 61.6% of the total induced deliveries. 5) Low birth weights were 7.7% and 5.0% of the mothers had received prenatal care, while 11.5% had no prenatal care. 6) There were 1.13% of still births, 0.32% of the mothers had prenatal care and the remainder did not have prenatal care. 7) Of those receiving prenatal care, 2.1% showed in the $0{\sim}3$ Apgar score group, 6.3% in the $4{\sim}6$ Apgar score group, and 91.6% in the $7{\sim}10$ Apgar score group. Among the non-prenatally cared for group 5.0% of the newborns were in the $0{\sim}3$ Apgar score group, 9.7% were in $4{\sim}6$ Apgar score group and 85.3% were in the $7{\sim}10$ Apgar score group. 8) Obstetrical complications were developed in 11.86% of the pregnant women when they were hospitalized. Among the group receiving the prenatal care 8.1% of the mothers had obstetrical complications. In the group without prenatal care 17.16% of the mothers had obstetrical complications. The most common obstetrical complication was malpresentation. 9) The first prenatal care was received between the 37th and 40th gestationl weeks. II. Food intake during pregnancy The following are the results from the questionnaires of the mothers concerning diets during pregnancy; 1) Main meals and snacks In 32.2% of the cases, their main meals during the diet amounted to more than was usually eaten at other times. In 67.8% of the cases, their main meals during the diet were the same as that usually eaten. In 22.4% of the cases, snacks during the diet amounted to more than usually eaten at other times. In 77.6% of the cases, snacks during the diet were the same as usually eaten. 2) Itemized list The mothers made a special effort to include certain items in their diets, the following is a breakdown of those items; a. egg, meat, fish 33.3% b. fruit, vegetables 32.2%. c. milk, fruit juice 18.4% d. cake, bread 2.9% e. nothing special 13.2% 3) Milk 44.8% of the mothers had at least one cup of milk everyday. 33.4% of the mothers had at least one cup of milk on occasion. 15.5% of the mothers did not have any milk. 4) Vitamins 39.7% of the mothers had vitamins everyday. 24.7% of the mothers had vitamins occasionally. 35.6% of the mothers did not have any vitamins. 5) Anemic symptoms 9.2% of the mothers very often had anemic symptoms during pregnancy. 39.1% of the mothers often had anemic symptoms during pregnancy. 51.7% of the mothers did not have anemic symptoms at all. 6) Taboos on food 23% of the mothers recognized 'taboos' on food during pregnancy 27% of the mothers displayed on uncertainty about the 'taboos' on food during pregnancy 50% of the mothers displayed indifference toward the taboos. III. Nutritional survey on the new mothers diet. 1) The diets for new mothers can be divided into four categories, such as general diet, low sodium diet, soft diet and liquid diet. 2) Cooked rice and seaweed soup were the main foods for the new mothers as has been the traditional diet for Korean mothers. 3) The average diet contained 1,783g. And the average consumption of the basic food groups per capita per day was 1,265g for cereals and grains, 456g for meats and legumes, 58g for fruits and vegetables, 0g for milk and fish and 4g for fats and oils. 4) In addition to the 1,783g of food in the main diet there was also 142.8g of food taken as snacks. 5) The average daily consumption of calories and nutrients was 2,697 Kcal and 123.4g for proteins, 44.9g for fats, 718.2mg for calcium, 14mg for iron, 2,101.4 I.U. for vitamin A, 0.43mg for thiamine, 1.02mg for riboflavin, 15.88mg for niacin, 5.26mg for ascorbic acid. When these figures are compared with the recommended allowances for new mothers in Korea, the calories and nutrients taken in were satisfactory. But the intake of minerals and vitamins was below the recommended allowance.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.213-229
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• 2013

Purpose: The Nutrient intake during the growth period is a critical factor for the development of the vision. In this study, we have analyzed the nutrient that has a correlation with the decrease of induced visual impairment. In addition, we investigated visual acuity and correlation of the nutrient in the higher-income youth and low-income youth. Methods: We used the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010 document. The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey didn't show the clear standard of carbohydrates and fats, so we used the data from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety standards with each 330 g, 51 g. In order to compare the correlation of nutrients and refraction, Nutrients has been classified macronutrients(energy, dietary fiber, protein, carbohydrate, fat), fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A), water-soluble vitamins (vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin), trace minerals (iron), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium) and water. Results: We investigated the correlation between refraction and nutrients on average about 328 subjects belonging to the high-income group. The fat intake was $54.21{\pm}32.60$ g, and it was about 2~10 times less than the recommended daily intake (112-540 g). Refractive power and fat intake showed a statistically significant correlation (O.D:p=0.033, O.S:p=0.029). We investigated the correlation between refraction and nutrients on average about 309 subjects belonging to the lowincome group. The phosphorus showed higher ingested by the $1118.75{\pm}501.98$ mg, and the sodium showed intake more than three times recommended intake by the $3705.24{\pm}2089.42$ mg. In addition, unlike other macro mineral it showed that was a correlation on the refraction by the 0.031. Conclusions: A broad variety of taking nutrition and good eating habits at the time of growth seems to have an effects to the good growth and vision and the senescence inhibition of vision.ave an effect to the good growth, the good vision and the senescence inhibition of vision.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.258-268
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) consumption with nutrition and health status. Examination of health status for this project included obesity, abdominal obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low-HDL-cholesterolemia, diabetes, anemia, and metabolic syndrome. Methods: Two groups, RTEC consumers and those who did not consume RTEC, were identified using 24-hour dietary recall data from the 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Nutritional intakes and risk factors of the two groups were compared using covariates-adjusted statistical procedures. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS survey procedures, and strata, cluster, and weight were considered. Subjects of analysis of nutritional intake were between the ages of 1 and 75, and those considered in the risk factor analysis were between the ages of 19 and 75. Results: Results showed that 3.8% of the Korean population was RTEC consumers. Compared to the subjects who did not intake RTEC, RTEC consumers exhibited significantly higher intakes of calcium, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin C. It was also discovered that the percentage of people whose intakes were less than EAR decreased with RTEC consumption. RTEC consumption showed significant association with decreased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum triglyceride, and serum total cholesterol. Consequently, prevalence of hypertension among RTEC consumers was significantly lower than that among non-consumers, and the odds ratio for hypertension was 0.19 after adjusting the models for covariates. Conclusion: Results of this study clearly suggest an association of RTEC consumption with improved nutritional status and cardiometabolic risk profile in Korean adults. Conduct of additional studies will be necessary in order to determine the nature of these relationships.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.186-198
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the utilization of a current national Food Composition Database (FCDB) and to investigate demand for nutrients that should be added or supplemented in order to expand the national FCDB. Methods: Surveys were constructed based on the utilization of FCDB, use of a food and nutrition analysis program, utilization and importance of nutritional ingredients, and nutritional ingredients desired to be supplemented in the national FCDB. Self-administered surveys were obtained from 349 food and nutrition specialists, including dietitians, nutrition teachers, food industry workers, professors, and researcher. Results: Exactly 73.6% of respondents used the FCDB, and 90.5% experienced using various food and nutrition analysis programs. Professors and researchers frequently utilized protein, carbohydrate, and lipid nutrients in the FCDB. Among vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin A, and vitamin D were frequently used. Among minerals, sodium and calcium were highly used. Among the subjects, 17.4% of subjects have used phytochemical DB. Carotenoids, anthocyanins, and isoflavones among phytochemicals were frequently used, in that order. Respondents desired an additional data on sugars, vitamin D, folic acid, selenium, iodine, dietary fiber, vitamin $B_{12}$, and carotenoids in the FCDB. Conclusion: The survey results indicate that the current FCDB is actively used for various purposes, although it is necessary to construct a national nutrition database with additional nutrients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.889-898
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• 1996

This study estimated the re!ation between psychological stress and stress hormones, nu­t tritional status of patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM). Psycho­l logical stress such as depr'ession and anxiety in 34 diabetics was analyzedin relation to nutrient intake, blood components such as fasting blood sugar(FBS), hemoglobin AIC, stress hormones a and amino acids. The IeveIs of depression and anxiety were measured by The center for ep­i idemiological studies-depc$pm$111.49pg/ml for total catecholamine ( (norepmephrine and epinephrine) and 233.95 $pm$73.99pg/ml for norepinephrine, 94.03$pm$75. 9 97pg/ml for epinephrine, 13.lS$pm$5.55pl/dl for cortisol and 171.50$pm$62.50pg/ml for gul c cagon respectlveIy. The leveIs of stress hormones in diabetics such as total catecholamine, norep­i mephrine cortisol and glucagon were significantly higher than those in normal control. The lev­el of epmephrine was higher in diabetics but the diffierenee was not significant. The calorie m t take in diabetics was 1762$pm$292keal which is S1.4% lower than Korean recommended dietary a allowances(RDA). Calcium intake was slightly low but other nutrients intakeswere higher than R RDA. The value of fasting blood sugar(FBS), usual fasting blood sugar(usual FBS) which refteet a average FBS during 3 months and hemoglobin Al C in diabetics was 1S4.1S$pm$74.22mg/dl, 177.76$pm$42.77mg/dl and S.S4$pm$2.S2% respec디VeIy. The distribution of plasma amino acids in d diabetics was generally in the normal range. The leveI of anxiety in diabetics was positively cor­related with norepinephrine, concentration and usual FBS. The levels of glucagon, usual FBS a and hemoglobin Aj C were pOSI디veIy correlated with the branched chaimamino acid(BCM : leucme, isoleucme and valine)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1746-1752
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• 2009

This study was carried out to compare the physicochemical characteristics of the tofu (soybean curd) with the additions of sorghum powder (SP). With increasing amounts of sorghum powder, the yields of tofu were increased. The tofu made of 5 and 7% (w/w) addition rates of SP gave the similar yields with that of control. Moisture contents of the tofu made of roasted sorghum powder after steeping for 15 hours (WR-SP) were higher than those of the control and the tofu made of roasted sorghum powder after washing (SR-SP) without steeping. The dietary fiber contents of tofu were higher in the SP-added tofu than control. The potassium contents increased with SP addition rates, while calcium and magnesium decreased. With increasing SP addition rates, hardness of the tofu decreased. With increasing amounts of SP, the L- and b-values of tofu decreased, whereas a-value increased. The total polyphenol, flavonoid and tannin contents, and ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity in the tofu extracts increased with increasing SP rates. Antioxidant components and activity were the highest in the tofu made of roasted sorghum powder after washing without steeping with the addition rates of 3-10%.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.20 no.2 s.22
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• pp.352-361
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• 1987

During the period of May 10 to June 6, 1987, we have conducted the survey about the number of the food daily taken and the intake of nutrition of the 83 pregnant women who have registered at Sudong Myun and Mikum-myun, Yangchu-gun which are demonstration area of the public health and medicine of the College of Medicine, Ewha Women's University, and of the 100 pregnant women who have been to the University Hospital attached to the above School. The result of the survery is as follows: 1) Among the above pregnant women, primigravida constituted 91 women and multigravida 92 women. As for the month of pregnancy, those who have been pregnant for ten months numbered 43 women (23.5%), which was the highest number. As for age, those who were 25 to 29 years old constituted 63.9% , which was the highest in percentage. 2) As for the level of education, those who graduated from high school constituted 49.2%, which was the highest in percentage. As for occuptation, those who were entirely in charge of household affairs as housewives were 89.6% , which comprised most of the jobs held by the above women. 3) As for the composition of a family in environmental food and nutrition, one generation was 68.3%, and two member family was 42.6% which was the highest. As for those taking rare of cooking and serving meals, housewives constituted 95.1%. 4) As for the economic situation of dietary life, those who were in the highest level (A level), were 47.0% in an urban area and 41.0% in a rural area, which were the highest in percentage. 5) The food which the above people selected after being pregnant was fruit not only in an urban area, but also in a rural area. And in terms of the percentage of fruit, an urban area and a rural area showed 44.0% and 54.2% respectively. As for milk, and urban area and a rural area showed 28.0% and 8.4% respecitively, which disclosed that the rate of a rural area was much lower than that of an urban area. 6) As for the number of food intake, 10-14 was 54.0% in an urban area, which was the highest. And 5-9 was 73.5% in a rural area, which was the highest. 7) As for the composition of food taken according to the number of food taken, meat showed the lowest rate in 5-9 group. (p<0.05) As the number of food taken increased, the rate of food taken (points) increased (2.4). Milk and milk products showed a low rate in 5-9 group and 15-19 group (p<0.05). Fruit intake showed a similar rate in all groups. As for vegetables, the rate of intake was high, as the number of food taken increased. Cereals showed a similar rate in all groups. Ans the points of intake was high. As for fat, the rate of intake was high, as the number of food taken increased. 8) In 5-9 group in the number of food intake, energy was 79.9% of RDA, protein was 64.9%, fat was 90.0%, carbohydrate was 81.6%, iron was 83.0%, calcium was 71.1%, vitamin A was 94.3%, vitamin $B_1$ was 77.8%, vitamin $B_2$ was 79.2%, and vitamin C was 88.2%, so that it showed the lowest sufficiency rate RDA. 15-19 group maintained the balance in energy and all nutrients nealy. In 20-24 group, fat was 142.4%, vitamin $B_2$ was 105.6% and vitamin C was 102.2%, so that it exceeded RDA.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.58-73
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• 2006

This research has done for 262 people of the aged men and women that are more than 65 years old who are live in 9 areas of Yecheon as target; through twice off ace to face interview for 24 hours recall method, the result of food intake for 2 days is as following. In case of energy, the aged men (women) of sixties ingested 67.7 $(72.0)\%$ of Korean RDA by 1,369 (1264) kcal, for the ages of seventies and eighties, 68.9 $(66.9)\%$ of Korean RDA and 76.3 $(65.8)\%$ by each 1,309 (1104) kcal and 1,368 (1052) kcal. The aged men ingested protein $46.0\~49.6 g$ ($70.6\~82.9\%$ of RDA), and aged women ingested protein $32.7\~40.2 g$ ($59.4\~73.0\%$ of RDA). Calcium intake of aged men was 388.8 mg, 319.8 mg, 284.4 mg by age range, and aged women was 291.9 mg ($41.6\%$ of RDA), 246.5 mg ($35.3\%$ of RDA), 240.1 mg ($34.3\%$ of RDA). Iron intake of aged men was $8.6\~8.9 mg$ ($72\~74%$ of RDA), and aged women ingested 8.6 mg ($71.3\%$ of RDA), 7.5 mg (62.6 of RDA$\%$), 6.6 mg ($55.4\%$ of RDA) for iron by age range. Vitamin $B_1$ intake of aged men was $0.62\~0.71 mg$ ($62\~71\%$ of RDA), and aged women's intake was $0.50\~0.60 mg$ ($50\~60\%$ of RDA). Vitamin $B_2$ intake of aged men was $0.59\~0.60 mg$ ($49\%$ of RDA), and aged women's intake was $0.45\~0.50 mg$ ($37\~42\%$ of RDA). Vitamin C intake by age range, in case of aged men (women) in sixties was 53.1 (48.9) mg, in seventies was 49.9 (33.2) mg and more than eighties was 34.1 (33.4) mg. The average food intake by age range, in aged men (women) of sixties was 828.9 (670.8) g and seventies was 726.8 (568.8) g and more than eighties was 656.0 (525.3) g. Plant food intake of aged men was 490.8-569.5 g and aged women was 417.9-537.7 g. Aged men (women) of MAR by age range, sixties was 0.60 (0.58), seventies was 0.59 (0.50) and more than eighties was 0.56 (0.49), respectively. INQ for protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B, niacin, vitamin C was more than 1 in 60's and 70's aged men, but there was no nutrients in eighties of aged women. Aged men and women's KDDS points represent average 3.14 and 3.04 (out of 5 points), and while intake of the milk was the most lacking, but intake of the fruit was the most lacking in DDS.