• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.433-441
• /
• 2016

Many large dams have been constructed for water supply, irrigation, flood control and hydropower in Korea for the last century. Meanwhile, recent studies indicated that the artificial reservoirs impounded by these dams are major sources of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to the atmosphere and relevant to global budget of green house gases. However, limited information is available on the seasonal variations of CO₂ evasion from the reservoirs located in the temperate monsoon regions including Korea. The objectives of this study were to estimate daily Net Atmospheric Flux (NAF) of CO₂ in Daecheong Reservoir located in Geum River basin of Korea, and analyze the influencing parameters that characterize the variation of NAF. Daily pH and alkalinity (Alk) data collected in wet year (2012) and dry year (2013) were used for estimating the NAFs in the reservoir. The dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was computed using the pH and Alk measurements supposing an equilibrium state among the carbonate species. The results showed seasonal variations of NAF; negative NAFs from May to October when the primary production of the reservoir increased with water temperature increase, while positive NAF for the rest of the period. Overall the reservoir acted as sources of CO₂ to the atmosphere. The estimated NAFs were 2,590 and 771 mg CO₂ m^-2d^-1 in 2012 and 2013, respectively, indicating that the NAFs vary a large extent for different hydrological years. Statistical analysis indicated that the NAFs are negatively correlated to pH, water temperature, and Chl-a concentration of the reservoir.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.941-946
• /
• 1995

The association between hypercoagulability and malignant disease was first described by Armand Trousseau in 1865. According to Trousseau, the thrombophlebitis was usually/migratory and recurrent and involved both venous and arterial system. Thrombosis remains the hallmark of Trousseau's syndrome, although a wide variety of coagulation disorders including disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC), pulmonary embolism, thrombotic endocarditis, and bleeding have been associated with the syndrome. Since then, abnormalities of the coagulation system have been repeatedly demonstrated in patients with cancer. Pancreatic carcinoma is thought to carry the highest risk of Trousseau's syndrome although the number of cases of Trousseau's syndrome is actually higher in patients with lung cancer because of the greater prevalence of this tumor. We report a thirty-five year old male patient with Trousseau's syndrome associated with lung cancer initially presenting deep vein thrombosis.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 2012

Objectives The aim of this study is to propose an optimized tongue colour interpolation method to achieve accurate tongue image rendering. Methods We selected 60 colour chips in the chips of DIC color guide selector, and then divided randomly the colour chips into two groups. The colour chips of a group (Gr I) were used for finding the optimized colour correction factor of error and those of the other group (Gr II) were used for verifying the correction factor. We measured colour value of the Gr I colour chips with spectrophotometer, and took the colour chips image with a digital tongue image system (DTIS). We adjusted colour correction factor of error to equal the chip colour from each method. Through that process, we obtained the optimized colour correction factor. To verify the correction factor, we measured colour value of the Gr II colour chips with a spectrophotometer, and took the colour chips image with the DTIS in the two types of colour interpolation mode (auto white balance mode and optimized colour correction factor mode). And then we calculated the CIE-$L^*ab$ colour difference (${\Delta}E$) between colour values measured with the spectrophotometer and those from images taken with the DTIS. Results In auto white balance mode, The mean ${\Delta}E$ between colour values measured with the spectrophotometer and those from images taken with the DTIS was 13.95. On the other hand, in optimized colour correction factor mode, The mean ${\Delta}E$ was 9.55. The correction rate was over 30%. Conclusions In case of interpolating colour of images taken with the DTIS, we suggest that procedure to search the optimized colour correction factor of error should be done first.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.233-239
• /
• 1999

Acrodermatitis enteropethica (AE) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of zinc absorption leading to chronic diarrhea and characteristic skin lesion. The term is also applied to any acquired zinc deficiency state resulting in the same clinical pictures. We experienced one case of AE in 1 month old male infant who had bacterial enterocolitis. The skin around mouth, anus, eyes, ears, hands and legs became reddish, vesicular and eczematoid. Serum zinc level was decreased to $51.4\;{\mu}g/dL$ (N=70~150). Endoscopic finding revealed pale gastric mucosa and villous atrophy of small intestine. Biopsy finding of small intestine showed no villi due to mucosal atrophy. On 13 day of admission jaundice with DIC were noted and AST & ALT were elevated to 110 & 36.8 IU/L, respectively. Diarrhea was improved but jaundice and liver function were not recovered until discharge from hospital. After discharge when the patient was 4 months of age serum bilirubin and AST/ALT had not been normalized. CMV shell vial culture of urine and CMV Ig G antibody were positive. So intravenous ganciclovir injection of 7.5 mg/kg, two times a day for 2 weeks and then 10 mg/kg/day for 3 months was done from 4 to 6 months of age. No virus was found in the urine and AST & ALT were normalized at 2 months after stopping ganciclovir treatment.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.55 no.6
• /
• pp.737-760
• /
• 2022

For the geological disposal of high-level radioactive wastes (HLW), an understanding of deep subsurface environment is essential through geological, hydrogeological, geochemical, and geotechnical investigations. Although South Korea plans the geological disposal of HLW, only a few studies have been conducted for characterizing the geochemistry of deep subsurface environment. To guide the hydrogeochemical research for selecting suitable repository sites, this study overviewed the status and trends in hydrogeochemical characterization of deep groundwater for the deep geological disposal of HLW in developed countries. As a result of examining the selection process of geological disposal sites in 8 countries including USA, Canada, Finland, Sweden, France, Japan, Germany, and Switzerland, the following geochemical parameters were needed for the geochemical characterization of deep subsurface environment: major and minor elements and isotopes (e.g., ³⁴S and ¹⁸O of SO₄^2-, ¹³C and ¹⁴C of DIC, ²H and ¹⁸O of water) of both groundwater and pore water (in aquitard), fracture-filling minerals, organic materials, colloids, and oxidation-reduction indicators (e.g., Eh, Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺, H₂S/SO₄^2-, NH₄⁺/NO₃^-). A suitable repository was selected based on the integrated interpretation of these geochemical data from deep subsurface. In South Korea, hydrochemical types and evolutionary patterns of deep groundwater were identified using artificial neural networks (e.g., Self-Organizing Map), and the impact of shallow groundwater mixing was evaluated based on multivariate statistics (e.g., M3 modeling). The relationship between fracture-filling minerals and groundwater chemistry also has been investigated through a reaction-path modeling. However, these previous studies in South Korea had been conducted without some important geochemical data including isotopes, oxidationreduction indicators and DOC, mainly due to the lack of available data. Therefore, a detailed geochemical investigation is required over the country to collect these hydrochemical data to select a geological disposal site based on scientific evidence.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2008.05a
• /
• pp.2151-2155
• /
• 2008

In case of constructing final closure in sea having big tide variation, the velocity in gap and the seepage velocity under the revet are faster because of inner and outer water level difference of the revet. Thus, the rubbles for final closure lose and the original ground is scoured by piping. There are several difficulties from the view of construction efficiency and safety. This study finds hydraulic phenomena in final closing construction area, develops a program for final closing simulation, minimizes the error during design and construction, and supports the engineering capacity for efficient and safe construction. The existing design method for final closure only considers the flow in gap, but the developed program considers the seepage in revet and flow in closure gap. This developed program chooses the suitable rock size for final closing design and establishes the proper method for final closing construction.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.389-399
• /
• 2019

The calcium carbonate saturation state in the Ulleung Basin of East Sea was calculated using bottle data set of pH, dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity obtained from the year 1999, 2014, 2017, and 2018 cruise. In the 2010s calcium carbonate saturation state was significantly lowered at all depth compared to the 1999 reference state. Accordingly calcite saturation horizon and aragonite saturation horizon shoaled to 500 m and 200 m, respectively. A key chemical species for the calcium carbonate saturation state, carbonate ion showed distinctive profile between upper and deep waters: it is moderately high (${\sim}175{\mu}mol\;kg^{-1}$) in upper waters and very low (< ${\sim}50{\mu}mol\;kg^{-1}$) in the deep waters. However the decreasing trend of carbonate ion concentration was pronounced in the upper water than deep waters, suggesting atmospheric $CO_2$ penetration is largely confined to the upper waters in the 2000s.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.441-455
• /
• 2003

The most common water types are found to be Ca-$HCO_3$, Ca-Na-$HCO_3$ and Ca-Na-$HCO_3$-Cl in Gwangju groundwater. Groundwater near the Gwangju stream are characterized Ca-Cl water type, with over 50 mg/L of C1- and 400 ${\mu}$S/cm of EC. The systematic variation of $Cl^-$, $HCO_3^-$,- EC and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values in groundwater with distance away from drainages is caused by streamwater infiltration. Stable isotope data indicate that ${\gamma}$D and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values of groundwaters near drainages were enriched by evaporation effect, showing a equation of ${\gamma}$D=7. 1${\times}{\gamma}^{18}O$-1. ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values over -6${\textperthansand}$ are anomalous in the unconfined groundwater zones, which are influenced by the local surface water enriched in $^{18}O$ composition. Groundwater in highland shows remarkably light ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values below -8$\textperthousand$. The infiltration of streamwater is dominant in unconfined alluvium aquifer near drainages. ${\gamma}^{13}$CDIC values (-17.6∼-15.2$\textperthousand$) of groundwaters near drainages revealed that dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is predominantly originated from natural soil-derived $CO_2$. ${\gamma}^{15}N$ and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ values of nitrate are 0∼17.0${\textperthansand}$ and 6.6∼17.4${\textperthansand}$, respectively. Relationship between ${\gamma}^{15}N$ and ${\gamma}^{18}O$ shows a systematic isotopic fractionation caused by denitrification of 40∼60%, suggesting that the major source of groundwater nitrate originated from nitrate of soils, and mixing nitrate of soil and sewage or manure.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.82-86
• /
• 2010

Jumping translocations (JT) are chromosomal rearrangements involving one donor chromosome and several recipient chromosomes. While JTs are frequently observed as acquired chromosomal abnormalities in hematologic malignancies, constitutional JTs are only rarely reported. We report two cases of constitutional JT in chorionic villi derived from the products of conception. The karyotype of the first case was 46,XY,add(18)(p11.1)[61]/45,XY,der(18;21)(q10;q10)[32]/46,XY,-18,+mar[16]/46,XY,i(18)(q10)[9]/45,XY,der(15;18)(q10;q10)[6]/46,XY,+1,dic(1;18)(p22;p11.1)[2]/45,XY,der(13;18)(q10;q10)[1]/46,XY[32]. The donor was a chromosome 18. The recipient chromosomes were chromosomes 1, 13, 15, 18 and 21. In the second case, the karyotype was 46,XY,der(22)t(9;22)(q12;q13)[22]/46,XY,der(22)t(1;22)(q21;q13)[13]/46,XY,add(22)(q13)[5]/46 XY[23]. The donor was a chromosome 22 and recipients were chromosomes 1 and 9. Both cases were de novo. The breakpoints of chromosomes were mostly in centromeric regions, pericentromeric regions, or telomeric regions. Normal cell lines were observed in both cases. This report supports the prior findings that the unstable nature of JT, resulting in chromosomal imbalance, most likely contributed to these early miscarriages.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.45 no.8
• /
• pp.961-966
• /
• 2002

Purpose : We compared the underlying or associated diseases according to the frequency of platelet transfusions in neonates with thrombocytopenia to know the factors predicting which patients will require multiple platelet transfusions. We also compared mortality. Methods : A retrospective study was performed in 72 neonates who received the platelet transfusions in neonatal intensive care unit(NICU) between August 1996 and July 2001. Group I received one platelet transfusion and group II received two or more. We compared the frequency of underlying or assodiated diseases such as sepsis/disseminated intravascular coagulopathy(DIC), respiratory distress syndrome(RDS), intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC), liver or renal disease, and mortality between two groups. Results : Of the 72 patients, 29(40.2%) received one and 43(59.7%) received two or more transfusions; 16(22.2%) received four or more. There were no statistically significant differences in gestational age, birth weight, sex, and maternal history between two groups. C-section rate was higher in group II(20.7% vs. 55.8%, P<0.05) and the incidence of PDA was higher in group I (55.2% vs. 30.2%, P<0.05). Otherwise, there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of sepsis/DIC, RDS, IVH, RDS, CLD, NEC, liver or renal disease, pulmonary hemorrhage and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and mortality between group I and group II. Conclusion : There was no significant difference in clinical morbidity and mortality according to the frequency of platelet transfusion in neonates with thrombocytopenia. Further study is needed to know the predicting factor for multiple platelet transfusions in neonates with thrombocytopenia.