• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.4 no.3_4
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• pp.59-67
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• 1981

Stomatal resistances of the leaves in Heteromeres arbutifolia and of the stems in Ferocactus acanthodes were studied to estimate active and passive behaviors of the guard cells on a theoretical basis. Active and passive stomatal responses to light and water deficit were observed. When the change rate of existent water due to variation of osmotic potential in the guard cells and the loss rate of transpirational water from the guard cells are $\Delta$wi-$\Delta$wt and leaded to active behaviors for opening and closing stomata. However, when stems of F. acanthodes with stomata closecd under the solar irradiation were covered with black cloth and then taken off, behaviors of the guard cells occurred in the condition of $\Delta$wi<$\Delta$wt and were passive. Under the conditiion of $\Delta$wi<$\Delta$wt due to cutout from stems, passive behaviors of the guard cells in H. arbutifolia and F. acanthodes always occurred in spite of the solar irradiation and darkness, respectively. The transpirational resistance coefficients of the guard cells in stems of F. acanthodes (0.380) and Opuntia bigelovii (0.135) wer emuch higher than in leaves of H. arbutifolia (0.034). Moreover, stomatal opening in stems of F. acanthodes during the daytime could be induced by watering. Those results are interpreted as that since the guard cells in desert Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants always exist in the state of stomatal opening, nocturnal stomatal opening and daytime stomatal closing are exhibited by passive behaviors of the guard cells in the alternant conditioins of $\Delta$wi>$\Delta$wt and $\Delta$wi<$\Delta$wt, respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.6 s.175
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• pp.707-716
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• 2005

Organic geochemical analyses including Rock-Eval pyrolysis, elemental analysis and stable carbon isotope analysis were performed to evaluate the characteristics of organic matter in the ODP Leg 127 Site 794A sediments and to understand paleoceanographic changes. Based on the TOC contents, C/N ratio, HI vs. OI, $\delta^{13}C_{org}$ and C/S ratio, results imply that dark layers containing a large amount of terrigenous organic matter were deposited under the suboxic/anoxic conditions, whereas the light layers containing largely marine organic matter were deposited under the oxic conditions. These results indicate that increasing surface-productivity by the input of a large amount of terrigenous organic matter from adjacent continent led to the deposition of dark layers during the interglacial highstands, whereas marine primary production and dilution caused by Kosa from the China desert area led to the deposition of light layers with the decreased to terrigenous organic matter during the glacial lowstands.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.6_3
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• pp.1215-1221
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• 2017

SeNtinel's Application Platform (SNAP) is an open source software developed by the European Space Agency and consists of several toolboxes that process data from Sentinel satellite series, including SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) and optical satellites. Among them, S1TBX (Sentinel-1 ToolBoX)is mainly used to process Sentinel-1A/BSAR images and interferometric techniques. It provides flowchart processing method such as Graph Builder, and has convenient functions including automatic downloading of DEM (Digital Elevation Model) and image mosaicking. Therefore, if computer memory is sufficient, InSAR (Interferometric SAR) and DInSAR (Differential InSAR) perform smoothly and are widely used recently in the world through rapid upgrades. S1TBX also includes existing SAR data processing functions, and since version 5, the processing capability of KOMPSAT-5 has been added. This paper shows an example of processing the interference technique of KOMPSAT-5 SAR image using S1TBX of SNAP. In the open mine of Tavan Tolgoi in Mongolia, the difference between DEM obtained in KOMPSAT-5 in 2015 and SRTM 1sec DEM obtained in 2000 was analyzed. It was found that the maximum depth of 130 meters was excavated and the height of the accumulated ore is over 70 meters during 15 years. Tidal and topographic InSAR signals were observed in the glacier area near Jangbogo Antarctic Research Station, but SNAP was not able to treat it due to orbit error and DEM error. In addition, several DInSAR images were made in the Iraqi desert region, but many lines appearing in systematic errors were found on coherence images. Stacking for StaMPS application was not possible due to orbit error or program bug. It is expected that SNAP can resolve the problem owing to a surge in users and a very fast upgrade of the software.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.28-39
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the rehabilitation measures and select appropriate tree species and rehabilitation methods for rehabilitating the rock desert areas in Guizhou, China. The study was carried out during the periods from 2003 to 2006 and results are as follows. Afforestation site is classified as a dolomite sandstone hilly country, a halfstony hilly country, a karst physiognomy, a rock desertification farmland and an latent rock desertification farmland by soil type and rock desertification status. Total afforestation area of Xuiwen is 1,300ha and afforestation area of a dolomite sandstone hilly country, a halfstony hilly country, a karst physiognomy, a rock desertification farmland and an latent rock desertification farmland are respectively 104.0ha (8.0%), 146.6ha (11.3%), 200.5ha (15.4%), 705.7ha (54.3%) and 143.2ha (11.0%). Planted tree species were selected by five site types. Robinia pseudoacacia, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Thuja orientalis, Cupressus duclouxiana and Juniperus chinensis L. var. chinensis were planted in a dolomite sandstone hilly country and Choerospondias axillaris and Robinia pseudoacacia were planted in a halfstony hilly country. Cupressus duclouxiana, Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Lonicera fulvotomentosa, Ilex kudincila, Quercus aliena, Quercus variabilis, Choerospondias axillaris, Koelreuteria bipinnata, Cryptomeria japonica, Cinnamomum camphora and Cinnamomum bodinieri were planted in a karst physiognomy. Cupressus duclouxiana, Toona sinensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Lonicera fulvotomentosa, Eucommia ulmoides, Ilex kudincha. Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Magnolia officinalis were planted in a rock desertification farmland. Lonicera fulvotomentosa, Juglans sinensis, Pyrus pyrifolia, Choerospondias axillaris, Prunus salicina and Diospyros Kaki was planted in an latent rock desertification farm land. Robinia pseudoacacia showed high survival rate in 2004 and 2005, but Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Cinnamomum camphora showed slightly low survival rate in 2004. Survival rate of planting species in 2005 was over 80% because some species which showed low survival in 2004 were changed with other species and a proper afforestation method was applied. Growth rate of tree species was evaluated by height and diameter growth rate. Cupressus duclouxiana showed a highest height growth rate in 2004. Toona sil1ensis, Choerospondias axillaris, Koelreuteria bipinnata, and Cinnamomum camphora showed almost 100% height growth rate in 2005, although they showed a negative height growth rate in 2004. Robinia pseudoacacia showed a good growth rate in the rock desertification farmland and the halfstony hilly country so it could give a commercial benefit like honey as well as an afforestation effect.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2005

Silk Road is the term involving all traffic roads connecting the East to the West, and ancient Korean culture has became globalized through Silk Road. In this paper, natural environment of Silk Road is considered as fundamental data in order to understand the Western culture introduced through Silk Road. Silk Road region is classified into Loess Plateau district; arid basin district; and high mountains district; Hesi Corridor(河西回廊) is the transition zone that the southeastern part of $W{\breve{u}}w{\bar{e}}i$(武威) is Loess Plateau district; other northwestern part is arid basin district Loess Plateau district, composed of homogeneous fines, has experienced dramatic soil loss by bringing under cultivation. At recent times, reforestation and construction of check-dam have been in operation to cope with this problems, Arid basin district; although at midlatitude, is desert climate because it is far from the ocean and is surrounded by high mountains. Oasis of Hesi Corridor is continuous linearly, but that of arid basin district is sporadic. In $H{\bar{a}}mi$ and $T{\breve{u}}l{\breve{u}}f{\bar{a}}n$(吐魯番) fruit-growing using karez flourishes, And glacier of $Ti{\bar{a}}nshian$(天山) Mts. and $Q{\bar{i}}lian$(祁連) Mts. is very important to arid basin district because of supplying water resource. In the tundra zone surrounding alpine glacier, are distributed widely solifluction lobes and earth hummocks.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.263-269
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• 2014

This study explored agroforestry strategies to achieve ecological and economic effects simultaneously for Elsentasarhai region in Mongolia under desertification, based on attitude survey with a questionnaire, field survey on planting sites, and literature review. The agrosilvopastoral approach was suggested as a type of agroforestry practices which combined tree planting for combatting desertification and wind damage to crops, agricultural crop production for income improvement, and livestock raising, a major industry in the study region. Populus sibirica and Ulmus pumila native to desert regions were selected for tree planting, and Hippophae rhamnoides, potato, and fodder appropriate for the short growing season were chosen for income crop production, reflecting residents' attitudes and growth environments. As a strategy of land allocation to satisfy multiple effects of the agrosilvopastoral approach, the alley cropping technique was recommended which arranged alternately strips of trees as windbreaks and income crops in multiple rows. The study also explored desirable planting techniques to improve conditions of income crop production and tree growth against drought and strong winds in the alley cropping. Study results will be useful as fundamental information to implement sustainable agroforestry in Mongolia and other semi-arid regions where knowledge concerned is lacking.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.471-477
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the application of high dose irradiation for ensuring shelf stability of marinated and precooked pork rib steak in the severe environments such as desert or space, etc. Marinated and precooked pork rib steak was manufactured, vacuum-packaged and gamma-irradiated with the absorbed doses of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kGy, and used for the tests of the growth of microorganisms and lipid oxidation during storage at 35t of acceleration condition. Any growth of microorganisms was not observed in irradiated samples after irradiation immediately. However, the growths were observed in 10, 20 and 30 kGy samples at 4, 7 and 14 day storage, respectively. High dose (40 and 50 kGy) gamma irradiation retarded the growth of aerobic microorganisms by the analysis of kinetic parameter. The content of malondialdehyde increased in all samples during storage periods, and gamma irradiation accelerated the increase of lipid oxidation. Therefore, the application of combination of the various food processing technology should be considered for the sterilization of marinated and precooked pork rib steak without any deterioration of the quality occurred by high dose irradiation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.596-611
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• 2007

Resuspended dust from paved roads in Seoul and Incheon metropolitan areas is regarded as one of the major $PM_{10}$ sources in these areas, according to the recent emission estimates using the emission factors compiled in AP-42. It is well known that the AP-42 model for estimating $PM_{10}$ emissions from paved roads requires information on silt loadings of particular paved roads. The conventional AP-42 method (vacuum swept method) for road silt sampling, however, is expensive, time consuming, and dangerous. These drawbacks led us to develop a Mobile Dust Monitoring System (MDMS) capable of doing real time measurements of silt loading of paved roads, thereby we could get higher resolution silt loading data both in terms of time and space without too much human efforts and danger. In this study, for the real-time measurement of silt loading of paved roads, the principle used in the TRAKER method of U.S. Desert Research Institute was employed and the entire sampling systems including data acquisition system were designed for theses purpose and mounted on a SUV. The correlation between the silt loading measured by vacuum swept method and the speed corrected ${\Delta}Dust$ was derived for the vehicle-based silt loading measurements, and then the variations of silt loading on paved roads were surveyed using the MDMS in test routes of Seoul and Incheon. From the results of real-time measurements, temporal and spatial variations of silt loading data together with the existence of hot spots were observed for paved roads in Seoul and Incheon. The result of this study will be employed to estimate fugitive dust emissions from paved roads.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.253-265
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• 2013

The objective of this study is to analyse the current climate zone applied by K$\ddot{o}$ppen climate classification and the future climate zone projected by the A2 scenario in Asia regions. The spatial and temporal variations of precipitation and temperature were also analyzed. As regards to the result of analysis on the variation of climate factor, temperature and precipitation will be increasing $4.0^{\circ}C$ and 12% respectively in the 2080s comparing with the reference period (1991~2010). Spatially, the range of temperature increase on the high latitude area is higher than that on the low latitude area. The precipitation will be increasing averagely in the overall area, but the spatial unequal distribution of precipitation will be intensified. At the result of the future climate zone, the area of warm climates will be increasing while the area of cold climates will be decreasing. In 2080s, the temperature will be increasing as much as 7.2% and 1.9% on the Tropical climates and Arid climates respectively, but it will be decreasing as -2.4%, -4.9% and -1.8% on the Warm temperate climates, Cold climates and Polar climates respectively. Furthermore, the part of Savannah climates and Desert climates will be mostly increasing. It is mainly caused by the temperature increase and desertification impact according to global warming.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.609-615
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• 2007

This study was conducted to develop the method for the safe supply of Sujeonggwa (cinnamon flavored persimmon punch) in severe environments such as space, desert or deep sea, by the combined treatment of gamma irradiation with other food technologies. Commercially prepared Sujeonggwa powder could be sterilized at 4.5 kGy or above doses. However, sensory characteristics of gamma-irradiated Sujeonggwa decreased depending upon the dose. The combined treatment of vacuum packaging with the addition of vitamin C and cinnamic aldehyde in Sujeonggwa powder could minimize the change of sensory qualities induced by ionizing irradiation.