• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.66-71
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• 2017

Background: The sprouts of oak species play an important role in maintaining the oak community in a disturbed environment. In this study, we cut 1-year-old oak in three times during the 3 years and measured the sprout responses to know sprouting ability of six deciduous oaks in Korea. Results: Oak sprouts have appeared in spring and fall, and some of the sprouts had lifespan as short as a month. As the number of cutting increases, sprout number of Quercus acutissima increased whereas the other oak species decreased or died. The average number of sprouts over the 3 years was from 1.4 (Quercus mongolica) to 2.2 (Q. acutissima) per individual. Quercus serrata died after the second cutting, and Quercus dentata died after the third cutting. So, the two species have the lowest sprouting ability among six oak species. The sprouts grew actively during fall and slowly in summer. The sprout length during the 3 years was in the following descending order: Q. acutissima, Quercus aliena, Q. dentata, and Q. mongolica. Sprout of Q. acutissima and Q. aliena generated steadily over the 3 years, and sprout of Quercus variabilis and Q. mongolica was changed by year. After the 3 years, the number of sprouts increased only in Q. acutissima but sprout number of the other five oak species decreased. The sprout length of Q. acutissima, Q. aliena, and Q. variabilis increased, but sprout length of the other three oak species decreased. The average survival rate of saplings over the 3 years was in the following descending order: Q. acutissima, Q. aliena, Q. variabilis, and Q. mongolica. Conclusions: As a result, the sprouting ability of Q. acutissima was the highest. Such level of sprouting ability may be the evidence of how Q. acutissima community exists as a dominant species in a disturbed environment in lowlands of Korea peninsula.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 1994

Leaf diffusive resistance (LDR), stomatal density, length of guard cell and hair density of leaves of 6 oak species were determined under withdrawal of water, and their strategies of drought stress were analyzed by principal component analysis. LDR of Quercus acutissima, Q. aliena and Q. serrata increased earlier than those of the other species at high leaf water potential $({\Psi}_{leaf})$ or low water saturation deficit (WSD), which was an avoidance mechanism reducing damage by water stress. Q. variabilis with low stomatal density, small stomatal size and high hair density had avoidance mechanisms increasing LDR at high $({\Psi}_{leaf})$ However, Q. mongolica and Q. dentata increased LDR at low $({\Psi}_{leaf})$ as xeric species do. Results from principal component analysis on the 15 variables related to strategies of drought stress indicated that the 6 oak species were divided into 2 groups: (1) Q. acutissima, Q. aliena and Q. serrata as mesic habitat species and (2) Q. variabilis, Q. mongolica and Q. dentata as xeric habitat species. Among three xeric species Q. acutissima differed from the other two species in the drought strategies such as high hair density, low stornatal density, high leaf area ratio, stomatal closing at low $({\Psi}_{leaf})$ and small cell wall elasticity. The results could reasonably explain their drought strategies in natural habitat.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.477-487
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• 1993

To investigate phenological differences among species, and relationship between phenology and air temperatures, we surveyed foliation and flowering times of several woody plants in two temperate forests, Namhansansung and Taegwallyong area, for three years, 1991, 1992 and 1993. In Namhansansung area, the leaves of Quercus mor~golica, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Prunus levezlleana and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa expanded in the early season(about 10 April), and those of Quercus variabilis, Quercus dentata and Maackia amurensis in the late season(about 5 May). The foliation time of the earliest species(Rhododendron mucronulatum) was 27 days earlier than thzt of the latest(Maackia amurensis, Quercus variabilis and Quercus dentata). In Taegwallyong area, the leaves of Staphylea bumalda and Rhamnus yoshinoi foliated on 25 April and those of Rhus verniciflua and Fraxinus rhynchophylla on 25 May. The annual mean air temperature of Narnhansansung area was $5.5^{\circ}C$ higher than that of Taegwallyong area. Foliation times of the same species were earlier in the former: the differences between two areas were 8~24 day among species. In contrast, flowering times of the same species were 0~22 days earlier in the former. It is concluded that the budding time of leaves was related to year day index(YDI), and foliation time of leaves was related to Nuttonson's index(Tn).

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.226-231
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• 2000

Antibacterial activities of edible plant extracts were investigated to develop natural antimicrobial agents protecting horticultural products from spoiling-microorganisms during their storage. Crude extracts of Artemisa capillaris Allium tuberosum Ailanthus altissima Zanthoxylum pieperitum Pinus densiflora Morus alba lxeris dentata and Allium sativum showed remarkable antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli K 12 and Bacillus subtilis KCTC 1028 After solvent extraction of the crude extracts with n-hexane ethyl acetate chloroform and water in sequence each fractions was re-examined for the antbacterial activities. As results the ethyl acetate fractions of A. capillaris Aaltissima, P. densiflora and I. dentata and all fractions of Z. piperitum and A. sativium showed relatively strong antibacterial activities against E. coli and B. subtilis and the ethyl acetate fraction of A. altissima was the strongest(6mm and 7mm respectively) against two strawberry-spoiling bacteria isolated and identified at our laboratory as Staphylococcus sp. TG-101 and Staphylococcus sp. TG-102.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.37-59
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• 2017

The Korean peninsula belongs to the temperate forest biome dominated by many deciduous oaks. We quantitatively and qualitatively studied vertical and horizontal distributions and habitat characteristics on the major oak species such as Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Q. variabilis, Q. dentata, Q. aliena and Q. acutissima. A total of 5,278 samples were analyzed with a species coverage and 6 principal environmental variables extracted from public database of nationwide natural environment survey. Correlation analysis was accomplished by the CANOCO using Canonical Correspondence Analysis and the Pearson correlation coefficient using PASW Statistics. The hierarchical distribution tendency of six oaks was finalized using the Goodman-Kruskal lambda coefficient of non-metric multidimensional scaling by SYN-TAX 2000. The utmost factor on the distributional segregation of oak species was the elevation, i.e. temperature. Q. serrata and Q. mongolica show clearly a diametrical distribution patterns with zonal distribution. Q. variabilis was determined as a thermophilic and xerophilous species that is a component of not only natural pseudo-climax forest but also secondary forest. The highest frequency of the dominant forest was found Q. mongolica. Whereas, Q. serrata showed the highest frequency of individual tree but the relatively lower frequency of dominant forest, which is resulted from the original habitat loss. By the benefit of the traditional Soopjeong-E, Q. acutissima dominant forests were remained rather largely. Individuals of Q. dentata occurred horizontally nationwide, but its dominant forest was the poorest. Dominant forest of Q. aliena, which is a natural vegetation, was the most rare due to a limited potential habitat.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2011

Mountainous vegetables are usually used in the early stage of plant growth. We attempted to identify the quantity of polyphenols (caffoeoylquinic acids (CQs) and flavonoids) and peroxynitrite scavenging effect ($ONOO^-$) of eight Korean mountainous vegetables. The prominent characteristics were as follows: Only the roots of two plants Taraxacum platycarpum and Ixeris dentata contained chicoric acid. Five CQs were identified in the leaves of Cacalia firma whereas only 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid in the petioles of the plant was shown. The quantities of polyphenols such as quinic acid or tartaric acid derivatives in the mountainous vegetables were generally high, though those of flavonoids were very low. The $IC_{50}$ of chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid and kaempferol were 0.31, 0.12 and $0.25\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.3
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• pp.290-294
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• 2007

Interspecific hybrid seedlings by artificial crossing of Genus Quercus (Q. serrata, Q. dentata, Q. mongolica var. crispula, Q. aliena) were planted at nursery in Tottori University. Seedlings of hybrids by natural crossing(Q. fabri and $Q.{\times}mccormickii$) were selected and planted at Hiruzen district in Tottori University. Artificial interspecific hybrid $F_1$ and natural hybrid $F_1$ bloomed when they were 4 years old and 3 years old, respectively. The pollen fertility and seed viability were investigated from the bloomed individuals in 2001. The germination percentages of the pollens of artificial interspecific hybrid were more than 84% except one individual, and the extension of pollen tubes was normal. The normal seed percentages of artificial interspecific hybrid were more than 90% similar to parents. Germination percentages of normal seed of natural crossing family were more than 64%, respectively, and selfed offsprings of Q. fabri, and $Q.{\times}mccormickii$ hade high reproductive ability.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 1974

In order to prove the similarity relationships between the basic species of oak through Electronic Data Processing System(EDPS) and numerical analysis, The analized species and datas were selected from the list of morphological observation in the thesis of T.B. Lee, 1961, "Phytogenetic study of the subgenus Lepidobalanus of the genus Quercus in Korea", and were coded by categories shown in Table 1. The value in the list were transformed into hundred percentage to standardize the observational value by each code into dimensionless. The similarity index between species were computed through formula of non-metric coefficient, $N_{jk}=\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}\(\frac{{\mid}x_{ij}-x_{ik}{\mid}}{x_{ij}+x_{ik}}\)$, using the UNiVAC-1106, at National Computer Center. Quercus aliena, by analysis result, is most similar to Q. mongolica with the similarity index, 71.6 and Q. dentata is most far apart from Q. serrata in the relationship with index, 121.4. The above thesis of Professor, T. Lee, are closely similar with the result of this research study. But, their similar relationship are proved in quantity through numerical method in our research study. In addition, The relationships among Q. mongolica, Q. aliena and Q. serrata are found to be very similar, but Q. dentata to be enough far in similarity to other species by dendrogram shown at Fig. 1. The numerical classification through EDPS is found to be suitable method also applicable to the plant taxonomy.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.155-161
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• 2015

Peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻)-scavenging activities of nine Compositae herbs consisting of three Ixeris, two Youngia, two Cirsium and one of each Lactuca and Taraxacum species were evaluated. The contents of their ONOO⁻ scavengers in the extracts were also determined on a HPLC using seven standard compounds, chlorogenic acid (CGA), chicoric acid (CA), luteolin 7-glucoside (luteolin-7-glc), luteolin 7-glucuronide (luteolin-7-glcU), luteolin, linarin and pectolinarin. Five of those compounds exhibited potent ONOO⁻-scavenging activities: IC₅₀, CA (0.76 μM), CGA (1.34 μM), luteolin (0.81 μM), luteolin-7-glc (0.86 μM) and luteolin-7-glcU (3.13 μM). Both CA and luteolin-7-glc were highly contained in I. dentata (19.71 mg/g and 13.58 mg/g, respectively), I. dentata var. albiflora (17.58 mg/g and 23.83 mg/g, respectively) and I. sonchifolia (65.71 mg/g and 6.99 mg/g, respectively). Among the nine herbs, those three Ixeris species had very low IC₅₀ values over the range of 0.48 - 1.74 μg/mL, suggesting that they could be potential therapeutic vegetables, particularly for preventing diabetic complications or obesity, which can be caused by an excess production of ONOO⁻.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.308-312
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• 2008

In this study, we have carried out test to examine the ignition characteristics, such as a relation of moisture content and combustibility, and ignition temperature using KRS-RG-9000 tester, of significant part of above trees which are representative species of Young Dong Province of Korea. After rainfall, the percentage of moisture content of living leaves and branches was between 52 and 70%. But it was just between 17 and 33% after 144 hours drying at normal temperature. For dead leaves, it was 10% lower than of first. There was a significant difference on ignition characteristics. The hazard of ignition is highest on dead leaves. The ignition temperature of barks and branches is higher so a retard time is long than of living and dead leaves at normal temperature.