• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2010

This study investigated the relationships between Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), contributing factors, and the occupational stress of physical therapists. Self-reported questionnaires were given to 180 physical therapists in Gangwon Province. Variables examined included the prevalence of pain sites related to WMSDs; pain intensity; pain pattern; and job stress, which is thought to involve the physical environment; job demand; insufficient job control; interpersonal conflict; job insecurity; organizational system; reward system; and occupational culture. Among physical therapists, work-related musculoskeletal pain commonly affected the low back (30.1%), shoulder (29.3%), and wrist (12.2%). The sites of work-related musculoskeletal pain treated medically were the low back (22.8%), shoulder (19.8%), neck (12.7%), and wrist (12.1%). "Repeating the same work constantly" was suggested to be the major cause of the pain. The younger therapists were significantly more likely to feel high job stress due to the physical environment (p<.05), job demand (p<.05), and organizational system (p<.01). Women were more likely to feel greater job stress related to job demand, insufficient job control, the organization system, and job rewards. Men were more likely to feel greater job stress related to job insecurity. Weak positive relationships were observed between work-related musculoskeletal pain and job stress, which is thought to involve the physical environment; job demand; insufficient job control; interpersonal conflict; job insecurity; organizational system; reward system; and occupational culture. Physical therapists appear to be at higher risk of WMSDs because 80.1% of the physical therapists studied experienced work-related musculoskeletal pain. To reduce the risk, we need intervention strategies such as preventive education, ergonomically designed medical equipment, a psychosocial approach to work conditions, improved mechanical conditions related to therapeutic patterns, and an institutional infrastructure with sufficient personnel and scheduling.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1-20
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• 2022

This study analyses how much Korean visits to North Korea have an impact on the North Korean regional economy. It estimates the demand for North Korean tourism via the borders of North Korea, China, and Russia and South Korean expenses to be spent in North Korea. When asked if they are willing to visit North Korea within the next five years in case the pre-conditions of the visit to North Korea are satisfied, approximately 64.1% of the survey respondents indicated 'yes'. To estimate the demand, this research employed the analysis of purchase intention, popular in marketing, based on their willingness to visit. The annual demand for tourism was 4,136,361 persons. The average estimated expense per person is KRW 1,532,000 and the total annual expense is KRW 6,336.9 billion. Assuming that airfare is excluded from the total expense and the expense is made evenly in each tourist destination, the estimated amount to be spent in North Korea is KRW 2,838.7 billion per annum. The backward linkage effect of this expense on the North Korean regional economy is KRW 7,972.1 billion in total production inducement, KRW 2,619.4 billion in value-added inducement, and approximately 2,890,443 persons in employment inducement. The value-added inducement effect is estimated to be approximately 7.6% of the North Korean nominal GDP in 2020. South Korean tourism is expected to have a significant impact on the North Korean economy. As the demand for North Korean tourism is likely to increase steadily due to the expected increase in overseas travel demand by Koreans, inter-Korean cooperation is needed for the development of North Korean tourism infrastructure if conditions improve.

• School Mathematics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.749-771
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze mathematical tasks of Korea and the USA textbooks focused on conditions for parallelograms. In this study, structures of task, types of proof and reasoning, and levels of cognitive demand are investigated. The conclusion is as follows: First, with respect to structures of task, structures presented in the USA textbooks are more diverse. Second, with respect to types of proof and reasoning, Korea and the USA prefer IC task and DA task. And task types presented in the USA textbooks are more diverse. Third, with respect to levels of cognitive demand, in both Korea and the USA textbooks, PNC task and PWC task account most. And compared to the USA, Korea prefer algorithms. In addition, we find out implications for reconstruction of Korea textbook. It is as follows: First, with respect to structures of task and types of proof and reasoning, the diversity of composition needs to be raised. Second, with respect to levels of cognitive demand, the concentration in PNC task needs to be declined. And levels of cognitive demand on types of tasks need to be reconsidered. Third, with respect to tasks' topic and material, internal and external connectivities of mathematics need to be strengthened.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.15-25
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• 2000

In this paper, we introduce a point-to-multipoint minimum cost flow problem with convex and demand splitting. A source node transmits the traffic along the tree that includes members of the point-to-multipoint connection. The traffic is replicated by the nodes only at branch points of the tree. In order to minimize the sum of arc costs, we assume that the traffic demand can be splitted and transmitted to destination nodes along different trees. If arc cost is linear, the problem would be a Steiner tree problem in networks eve though demand splitting is permitted. The problem would be applied in transmitting large volume of traffic from a serve to clients in Internet environments. Optimality conditions of the problem are presented in terms of fair tree routing. The proposed algorithm is a finite terminating algorithm for $\varepsilon$-optimal solution. convergence of the algorithm is obtained under monotonic condition and strict convexity of the cost function. Computational experiences are included.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.331-336
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• 2005

It is increased electrical energy consumption with the development of intelligence society in the office buildings and thus an energy conservation through efficient use of electricity became more important. This paper shows a reasonable design demand factor in office buildings, that was made by the systematic and statistical way considering actual conditions, such as investigated electric equipment capacity, peak power consumption, demand factor, etc., for 54 office buildings and 34 electrical design offices. In this dissertation, it is necessary to analyse the key features and general trend from the investigated data. It made an analysis of the feature parameters, such as average, standard deviation, median, maximum, minimun and thus it was carried linear and nonlinear regression analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.241-244
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• 2007

It is increased electrical energy consumption with the development of intelligence society in office buildings and thus an energy conservation through efficient use of electricity became more important. This paper shows a reasonable design demand factor in office buildings, that was made by the systematic and statistical way considering actual conditions, such as investigated electric equipment capacity, peak power consumption, demand factor, etc., for 132 office buildings. In this dissertation, it is necessary to analyze the key features and general trend from the investigated data. It made an analysis of the feature parameters, such as average, standard deviation, median, maximum, minimun and thus it was carried linear and nonlinear regression analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.161-169
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• 2000

AGT(Automated Guide-way Transit System) was introduced to satisfy the every increasing need for improved urban transportation. The AGT system is classified as medium distance and demand capacity mass transit being introduced for such area with inadequate passenger demand for railway construction but excessive demand for bus service. To decrease initial investment cost it is important that we have to secure the technology system of Light Rail Transit for Korea environment. By utilizing the finite element analysis, the result in this paper is enough to satisfy the strength whish is required. Also for the purpose of safety, it is decided the thickness and frame structure of the undeframe section through the analysis. It is known that carbody is no problem for required design conditions.

• The Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.57-62
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• 1992

In this paper, the reasonable design standard of Demand Factor for large office buildings is introduced that was made by the statistical way considering actual conditions, such as investigated electrical equipment capacity, electrical power consumption, etc. The results are as follows. 1) It is shown that th saving of electrical equipment investment, the decrease of power loss, the improvement of facilities utilization and the decrease of electrical power rates can be contributed by the application of the design standard. 2) The effect of reduction is showed to confirm the practical use of the proposed reference Demand Factor, and also, it is believed that this proposed reference Demand Factor will be useful in electrical equipment operation and planning.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.233-237
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• 2005

It is increased electrical energy consumption with the development of intelligence society in the general hospitals and thus an energy conservation through efficient use of electricity became more important. This paper shows a reasonable design demand factor in office buildings, that was made by the systematic and statistical way considering actual conditions, such as investigated electric equipment capacity, peak power consumption, demand factor, etc., for 32 general hospitals and 9 electrical design offices. In this dissertation, it is necessary to analyse the key features and general trend from the investigated data. It made an analysis of the feature parameters, such as average, standard deviation, median, maximum, minimun and thus it was carried linear and nonlinear regression analysis.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 2023

A rapid and environment-friendly electrochemical sensor to determine the chemical oxygen demand (COD) has been developed. The boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin-film electrode is employed as the anode, which fully oxidizes organic pollutants and provides a current response in proportion to the COD values of the sample solution. The BDD-based amperometric COD sensor is optimized in terms of the applied potential and the solution pH. At the optimized conditions, the COD sensor exhibits a linear range of 0 to 80 mg/L and the detection limit of 1.1 mg/L. Using a set of model organic compounds, the electrochemical COD sensor is compared with the conventional dichromate COD method. The result shows an excellent correlation between the two methods.