• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.294-300
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• 1997

As a part of basic investigation for utilizing by-products derived from marine food processing more effectively as a food source, refining of viscera oil of squid caught off Newzealand were investigated. In the process of refining, degumming with 3% of phosphoric acid at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30 min was effective in removing phosphatides, and optimal condition to neutralize was treating with 0.6% excess of 20% sodium hydroxide solution at $80^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. Bleaching was optimized by adding 10% activated clay and treating for $100^{\circ}C$ for 20 min under vacuum, and deodorizing was done by steam destillation at $180^{\circ}C$ for 60 min under 4 torr of vacuum. Acid value, peroxide value and chromaticity of refined squid viscera oil were 0.20, 0.8 meq/kg and 0.019, respectively. The ratio of polyenoic acid composition to saturated acid composition of refined squid viscera oil was 1.28 and its major fatty acids were 16 : 0, 18 : In-9, 20 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.284-289
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• 1993

The effect of oil refining processes-degumming, alkali-refining, bleaching and deodorizing-on oil characteristics and oxidation stability of sesame oil were investigated. The colors(L, a, b) of samples were markedly changed and their peroxide and acid values were decreased, while the other characteristics of samples were not changed during refining stages. The L values of alkali-refined, bleached and deodorized sesame oils were largely decreased and their a values were increased due to browning reaction during the storage at $70^{\circ}C$. The colors of crude and degmmed sesame oils were very stable and their peroxide, free fatty acid and conjugated dienoic acid values were slowly increased. Volatile carbonyl compounds formed by oxidation were increased during the storage at $70^{\circ}C$. The results indicated that refining processes did not affect the sesame oil characteristics but decreased the oxidation stability of sesame oil.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.96-100
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• 1993

The changes in the concentration of toropherol and carotenoid in pinenut oil at various stage of refining are studied during autoxidation. The oxidative stability of pinenut oil decreased with the refining degree increased. The tocopheol content of total crude oil was 55.51mg/100g oil and $\alpha$, ${\gamma}$and $\beta$-tocopherol in the crude oil were 25.48mg, 23.94mg and 6.99mg in order, respectively. The amount of $\delta$-tocopherol was trace. The concentrations of $\alpha$, ${\gamma}$ and $\beta$-tocopherol in pinenut oil after degumming or alkaline refining were 23. 85mg, 19.79mg and 6.12mg or 24.08mg, 24.04mg and 5.33mg, respectively. The content of f-carotene was 0.63% of total unsaponifiable materials and that of lycopene was trace. The concentrations of carotenoids and toropherols in pinenut oil decreased while autoxidation progressed. Degrees of destruction of carotenoids and toropherols. were significant at first stage of oxidation. Decrease in $\alpha$-toropherol was found to be faster than that in $\alpha$, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol during oxidation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.754-764
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• 2010

Most silk fabrics are produced only after the degumming process to make the best use of the properties and have restricted silk processing that do not hinder their performance. However, considering the highly increased preference for natural fibers and the shortage of raw silk, high-quality upgraded silk product functions are required by the development of a processing technology and a good design. This study analyzes the changes with the samples by the functional finish such as softening finishing, wash and wear, tannin weighting by measuring the objective hand of scoured silk and three finished ones using KES-FB. As a result, the change of objective hand of finished silk fabrics that improves functionality was analyzed and compared. The increase of KOSHI after the finish became stiffer show that the silk fabric samples are appropriate for summertime clothes with the retention of a certain clothing climate for the body. The stiffness of finished fabrics for the normal had a closer relationship with the density of fabrics than the type of finishing. The samples (after the softening finishes) maintain better elasticity according to the properties of the softener and the finishing agent. Although the specimens of this study were thin fabrics, their elasticity against compression increased after the softening finishes and became softer than degummed silk. The surface properties of georgette were changed by all types of finishing.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.405-408
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• 2015

The deacidified oil obtained from the oleaginous fungus, Mortierella sp. (M-12) was bleached, after degumming, using activated clay under a 50-100 mmHg vacuum. The bleaching conditions were partially optimized as follows: activated clay, 1%, bleaching temperature $90^{\circ}C$, and treatment time 20 min. After bleaching, the color of bleached oil as determined by the Lovibond Tintometer, satisfied the specification for edible fats and oils. The bleaching process also decreased the contents of free fatty acids and phosphorus in the deacidified oil. The acid value of the bleached oil also satisfied the specification for edible fats and oils. It was early shown that the normal bleaching process can be used for the bleaching of heavily-colored microbial lipids for human consumption.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.375-380
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• 2007

To recover sericin protein from by-product in silk production process, a polyethersulfone hollow fiber ultra-filtration membrane module was used. The soap in the degummed solution was precipitated by calcium chloride. The influence of membrane module of submerged and external type on membrane fouling was investigated. The effect of soap and protein on the membrane fouling in the external type membrane module was also studied. The removal of soap resulted in decreasing the membrane fouling. It was shown that the protein and the membrane were affected by the soap.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.58-65
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of the soluble sericins after degumming and after hydrolysis of insoluble sericin with various enzymes. Physical and chemical characteristics of the soluble sericins were also studied and pack test was conducted. Electro donating ability of the various sericins became higher as high＞low＞KP＞PP＞PA. In FT-IR analysis, the band of insoluble sericin at 3,285cm$\^$-1/ was shifted to the lower wavelengths in soluble sericins. The intensity of the amide II band was reduced and shifted to lower wavelengths as a result of hydrolysis. In DSC analysis, all sericins showed endothermic peaks around 200$^{\circ}C$ and insoluble sericin showed another peak at 250$^{\circ}C$. The endothermic peak of the insoluble sericin was found at higher temperature compared with those of the soluble sericins which showed at 300$^{\circ}C$. Whiteness of the various sericins became higher as low＞high＞PP＞PA＞PK＞IN and yellowness were PK＞PA＞PP＞low＞high. In pack test, the skin packed with the non-woven fabric treated with the various sericins was more smooth and less oily.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.44-50
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• 1984

The effects of sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosposphate and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid as a degumming aid reagent were investigated under the conditions of underground water and dimineralized water for the scouring water sources. The changes of water qualities by adding the condensed sodium phosphates and the physical properties of scoured silk fabric were examined, respectively. 1. The water hardness of underground water was decreased by adding the condensed sodium phosphates and it was further reduced according to the increasing temperature. The water hardness reducing power of sodium pyrophosphate was a little stronger than that of sodium tripolyphosphate. 2. The sodium silicate as an alkaline reagant for scouring decreased the water hardness, but the sodium carbonate increased it in the underground water. 3. The pH value of 0.4% soap and 0.25% sodium silicate mixed solution after boiling was. 9.80, but it was leveled upto 9.90 by adding 0.05% sodium pyrophosphate and upto 9.95 by 0.02% ehtylene diamine tetraacetic acid, respectively. 4. The masking action of Fe$\^$3+/ ions dissolved in the scouring water was more remarkable by ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid than by the condensed sodium phosphates. Of the condensations, sodium tripolyphosphate was more effective than sodium pyrophosphate in the action. 5. Genrally, the dimineralized water scouring increased the boil-off ratio with reducing the flexural rigidity of fabric which was negatively related with the favorablility of hand-touch more than the underground one did. 6. Under the underground water scouring, the addition of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid increased the boil-of ratio and compressive elasticity of fabric with reducing the flexural rigidity more than that of the condensed sodium phosphates did. 7 The additions of sodium tripolyphosphate and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid reduced the flexural rigidity of fabric with raising the boil-off ratio even in the dimineralized water scouring, but there was no sifnificant difference between both of them.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.101-106
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• 2004

The process of removal of gummy proteinous material sericin from silk is commonly called as degumming loss or boil-off loss ratio. In the present study, the boil-off loss ratio in the cocoon shells of twelve multivoltine${\times}$bivoltine hybrids and their parents were analysed. Inheritance pattern of boil-off loss ratio was analysed in crosses involving high and low boil-off loss parents, F$_1$s, F$_2$s and back-crosses by parent off spring regression analysis. Heterosis and heterobeltiosis was also analysed for this character, Highly significant (P＞0.01) variations were observed in eight out of ten multivoltine and two out of five bivoltine parents indicating the presence of genetic variation in the expression of boil-off loss ratio. Among F$_1$ hybrids, ten hybrids expressed significant (P＞0.01) variations when compared with control hybrid PM${\times}$NB$_4$D$_2$. Significant negative heterosis was expressed in three multi ${\times}$ bi hybrids viz., BL67${\times}$CSR$_{101}$, 96A${\times}$CSR$_{19}$ and 96C${\times}$CSR$_{19}$, which is desirable for this character, whereas expression of heterobeltiosis was significant only with one hybrid, 96C${\times}$CSR$_{18}$ in desired direction. Studies on inheritance pattern showed that the character is heritable and contribution percentage of female and male in the ratio of 50.9: 49.1 and it appears that both the parents are influencing in the expression of boil-on loss ratio in silkworm. Based on the overall performance and evaluation by multiple trait evaluation index and also considering the expression of the boil-off loss ratio three hybrids vix., BL67 ${\times}$ CSR$_{101}$, 96A${\times}$CSR$_{19}$ and 96C${\times}$CSR$_{18}$ were found superior and recommended for commercial exploitation.n.ion.n.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.600-607
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• 2005

This study was conducted to prepare high quality grape seed oils by solvent extraction and chemical refining process. Additionally, quantitative analysis of several functional components in grope seed was carried out to compare quality characteristics of grape seeds from grapes grown by conventional and organic agricultural practices. There are no significant differences in several functional constituents of grape seeds between conventionally cultivated- and organically cultivated-grapes, although some functional compositions of grape seeds are different between two cultivation methods. The dried grape seed was pretreated with roasting heating for 5 min, milled and then extracted twice with n-hexane under reflux at $50^{\circ}C$ for overnight, followed by filtration and evaporation. The crude grape seed oil was successively purified by degumming with $0.1\%\;H_3PO_4$, deaciding with $20\%\;NaOH$, and then decoloring and deodorization by a steam distillation, and thereby producing purified grape seed oil(yield: $5.0\%/dried$ grape seed). Physicochemical characteristics of the purified grape seed oil were comparable to those of the imported grape seed oils.