• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics C
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• v.34C no.8
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• pp.79-87
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• 1997

For the representation of a complex object, the object is decomposed into several parts, and it is described by these decomposed parts and their relations. In genral, the parts can be the primitive elements that can not be decomposed further, or can be decomposed into their subparts. Therefore, the hierarchical description method is very natural and it si represented by a hierarchical attributed graph whose vertieces represent either primitive elements or graphs. This graphs also have verties which contain primitive elements or graphs. When some uncertainty exists in the hierarchical description of a complex object either due to noise or minor deformation, a probabilistic description of the object ensemble is necessary. For this purpose, in this paper, we formally define the hierarchical attributed random graph which is extention of the hierarchical random graph, and erive the equations for the entropy calculation of the hierarchical attributed random graph, and derive the equations for the entropy calculation of the hierarchical attributed random graph. Finally, we propose the application areas to use these concepts.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.353-372
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• 2008

This study looks around the goals of teaching statistical graphs that are introduced in the seventh Korean Curriculum for Elementary School and in the Principles and Standards for School Mathematics(NCTM, 2000), and these are compared. We compare how to transpose statistical graphs didactically between the Korean and MiC textbooks. For it, it examines the types of statistical graphs, the methods defining them, and the making connections and comparing among them, which are content components in the chapters on statistical graphs. The results show that in contrast to the Korean textbooks, NCTM(2000) has allowed students to develop their own expression for data, to compare results analysed within different graphs, and to consider a graph as a whole in the goals of teaching statistical graphs. MiC textbooks have introduced the number-line plot and the box plot more than Korean. Although both of Korean and MiC textbooks usually use extensive methods for defining individual graphs, the former use extensive methods together with synonymic methods and the latter use extensive methods with the characteristics of graphs. Also, the number-line plot is defined using operative method in the MiC textbooks. MiC textbooks contain various activities for connecting and comparing graphs, but there are comparatively few comparing activities in the Korean textbooks.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.1173-1183
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• 2006

Matrix-star, Pancake, and RFM graphs have such a good property of Star graph and a lower network cost than Hypercube. Matrix-star graph has Star graph as a basic module and the node symmetry, the maximum fault tolerance, and the hierarchical decomposition property. Also it is an interconnection network that improves the network cost against Star graph. In this paper, we propose a method to embed among Matrix-star Pancake, and RFM graphs using the edge definition of graphs. We prove that Matrix-star $MS_{2,n}$ can be embedded into Pancake $P_{2n}$ with dilation 4, expansion 1, and $RFM_{n}$ graphs can be embedded into Pancake $P_{n}$ with dilation 2. Also, we show that Matrix-star $MS_{2,n}$ can be embedded into the $RFM_{2n}$ with average dilation 3.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.289-301
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• 2010

This study discovered that instructional objectives of graphs which are dealt with in Math I of the revised curriculum are not matched with those of Discrete Mathematics in the 7th Curriculum. Based on the findings, this study analysed didactic transposition method of trail in graph and matrix of Math I and students' understanding about trail. Then this study discovered that though the concept definition of trail in Math I of the revised curriculum, some textbooks and students tend to consider it as the path. The concept definition of trail is significant in systems that deal with Euler Circuits(Euler Closed trail) and Hamilton Cycle. Then it is not easy to find the value of trail in Math I of the revised curriculum.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.72-84
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• 2008

This study is focused on the main concepts of gravity and geomagnetics which are introduced in the earth science textbooks of high school in 7th curriculum. This study examines the validity and accuracy of the Earth Science textbooks and shows some effective teaching plans by using the latest materials. This study also illustrates the main concepts of gravity and geomagnetics through presenting some effective and practical teaching-learning methods. The results of the study were as follows: First of all, a number of main concepts of six textbooks of high school were selected; the field of gravity, the direction and dimension of gravity, the measurement of gravity, the main reason of gravity anomaly and geoid, earth terrestrial magnetic field, secular variation of goemagnetics. Secondly, most Earth Science textbooks of high school explains the main concepts of the gravity and geomagnetics in similar ways. Those textbooks, however, don't put an emphasis on the essential contents which has been regarded as important thing in terms of the current educational course of study. The high school textbooks also use the material which is too old-fashioned and has some problems of accuracy and validity. Especially, many main concepts of the textbooks and scientific data(such as the direction of gravity, the measurement of gravity, the main reason of gravity anomaly, the use of geoid, secular variation) are different with those of South Korea, In addition, some materials(graphs and diagrams) are very old ones and they don't have authentic information.Finally, Among the various main concepts, some important ideas (the direction of the gravity and the method of measuring gravity, the measurement and use of gravity anomaly, the definition of geoid and secular variation of geomagnetics) should be corrected by showing the latest and authentic materials.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.556-564
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• 2003

A Star and Pancake graph also have such a good property of a hypercube and have a low network cost than the hypercube. A Macro-star graph which has the star graph as a basic module has the node symmetry, the maximum fault tolerance, and the hierarchical decomposition property. And, it is an interconnection network which improves the network cost against the Star graph. In this paper, we propose a method to embed between Star graph, Pancake graph, and Macro-star graph using the edge definition of graphs. We prove that the Star graph $S_n$ can be embedded into Pancake graph $P_n$ with dilation 4, and Macro-star graph MS(2,n) can be embedded into Pancake graph $P_{2n＋1}$ with dilation 4. Also, we have a result that the embedding cost, a Pancake graph can be embedded into Star and Macro-star graph, is O(n).

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.277-293
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• 2011

The purpose of mathematics education is to develop the ability of transforming various problems in general situations into mathematics problems and then solving the problem mathematically. Various teaching-learning methods for improving the ability of the mathematics problem-solving can be tried. However, it is necessary to choose an appropriate teaching-learning method after figuring out students' level of understanding the mathematics learning or their problem-solving strategies. The error analysis is helpful for mathematics learning by providing teachers more efficient teaching strategies and by letting students know the cause of failure and then find a correct way. The following subjects were set up and analyzed. First, the error classification pattern was set up. Second, the errors in the solving process of the function problems were analyzed according to the error classification pattern. For this study, the survey was conducted to 90 first grade students of ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$high school in Chung-nam. They were asked to solve 8 problems in the function part. The following error classification patterns were set up by referring to the preceding studies about the error and the error patterns shown in the survey. (1)Misused Data, (2)Misinterpreted Language, (3)Logically Invalid Inference, (4)Distorted Theorem or Definition, (5)Unverified Solution, (6)Technical Errors, (7)Discontinuance of solving process The results of the analysis of errors due to the above error classification pattern were given below First, students don't understand the concept of the function completely. Even if they do, they lack in the application ability. Second, students make many mistakes when they interpret the mathematics problem into different types of languages such as equations, signals, graphs, and figures. Third, students misuse or ignore the data given in the problem. Fourth, students often give up or never try the solving process. The research on the error analysis should be done further because it provides the useful information for the teaching-learning process.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.35
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• pp.145-155
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• 2018

The goal of the study is to provide a new type of audio-visualization method through case analysis and work production based on Polysomnography(PSG) data that is difficult to interpret or not familiar to the public. Most art works are produced with conscious actions during waking hours. On the other hand, during sleep, we get into the world of unconsciousness. Therefore, through the experiment, want to discover if could get something new when we were in the subconscious state, and if so, wondered what kind of art could be made through it. The study method is to consider definition of sleep and sleep data first. The sleep data were classified into normal group and Narcolepsy, Insomnia, and sleep apnea by focusing on sleep disorder graphs that is measured by sleep polygraph. After that, I refined and converted the acquired biometric data into a text-based script. The degree of sleep in the text form of the script was rendered as a 3D animated image using Maya. In addition, the heart rate data script was transformed into a midi format, and the audition was implemented in the garage band. After Effects combines the image and sound to create four single channel images of 3 minutes and 20 seconds each. As a result of the research, I made an opportunity for anyone easy to understand the results, having difference with the normal data, through art instead of using difficult medical term. It also showed the possibility of artistic expression even when conscious actions did not occur. Through the results of this research, I expect the expansion and diversity of artistic audiovisual expression of biometric data.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.296-307
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• 2015

The purposes of this study were to develop the experiment for gas concentration measure during combustion of a candle and to investigate the application effect of the experiment. For this study, 15 elementary school teachers were selected by considering their gender, career, 6th grade science teaching experience, and 6th grade science teaching experience according to 2007 revised s cience curriculum. The experiment using MBL is designed to confirm gas concentrations visually during the combustion of a candle which burns in an acrylic container. The experiment method is as follows. 1) Make two sets of holes in the container and then insert oxygen sensors and carbon dioxide sensors in the holes. 2) Burn a candle in the container and observe the changes in the burning of the candle. The experiment has checked oxygen concentration and carbon dioxide concentration in real-time and displays gas concentration changes by graphs. The results of the application effect of the experiment are as follows. Most elementary school teachers who had not had scientific concepts on combustion got acquainted with scientific concepts about ‘the reason why a candle is blown out when it is covered with a bottle’, and ‘the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide before and after combustion’. In addition, about half of elementary school teachers got acquainted with scientific concepts about ‘the definition of combustion’, and ‘distribution of carbon dioxide during combustion’. Thus, the experiment to measure gas concentrations during combustion is helpful to improve elementary school teachers’ concepts on combustion.