• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2022

Dean (1965) proposed the use of the root mean square error (RMSE) in the dynamic free surface boundary condition (DFSBC) and kinematic free-surface boundary condition (KFSBC) as an error evaluation criterion for wave theories. There are well known wave theories with RMSE more than 1%, such as Airy theory, Stokes theory, Dean's stream function theory, Fenton's theory, and trochodial theory for deep-water waves. However, none of them can be applied for deep-water breaking waves. The purpose of this study is to provide a closed-form solution for deep-water waves with RMSE less than 1% even for breaking waves. This study is based on a previous study (Shin, 2016), and all flow fields were simplified for deep-water waves. For a closed-form solution, all Fourier series coefficients and all related parameters are presented with Newton's polynomials, which were determined by curve fitting data (Shin, 2016). For verification, a wave in Miche's limit was calculated, and, the profiles, velocities, and the accelerations were compared with those of 5^th-order Stokes theory. The results give greater velocities and acceleration than 5^th-order Stokes theory, and the wavelength depends on the wave height. The results satisfy the Laplace equation, bottom boundary condition (BBC), and KFSBC, while Stokes theory satisfies only the Laplace equation and BBC. RMSE in DFSBC less than 7.25×10^-2% was obtained. The series order of the proposed method is three, but the series order of 5^th-order Stokes theory is five. Nevertheless, this study provides less RMSE than 5^th-order Stokes theory. As a result, the method is suitable for offshore structural design.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제55권10호
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• pp.843-854
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• 2022

이안류 안전사고 저감을 목적으로 운영되는 실시간 이안류 경보체계에서 위험지수를 생산하는 방법을 개선하는 연구를 수행하였다. 상기 체계는 실시간 관측정보를 기반으로 신속한 이안류 위험지수를 생산할 필요가 있기 때문에 사전 수치모의 결과(즉, 발생가능 시나리오에 따른 이안류 발생정도)를 이용한다. 본 연구에서는 기존 기법의 곡선적합 경험식을 사용하는 대신에, 다변수 함수인 이안류 발생정도를 2차원 분포(예, 파고-주기, 파고-조위, 파고-파향, 파고-주파수 스펙트럼 광협도, 파고-파향 스펙트럼 광협도)로 저장하여 사용하므로 이안류 위험지수 생산 기법을 개선하였다. 2021년에 운영된 해운대 파랑 관측자료와 부산조위소의 조위정보를 개선된 방법에 적용하였고, CCTV를 통해 확인된 몇 차례의 이안류 발생사건에 대하여 관측정보와 적용한 결과를 비교하여 제시하였다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.21-34
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• 2022

Gust factor is an important parameter for the conversion between peak gust wind and mean wind speed used for the structural design and wind-related hazard mitigation. The gust factor of typhoon wind is observed to show a significant dispersion and some differences with large-scale weather systems, e.g., monsoons and extratropical cyclones. In this study, insitu measurement data captured by 13 meteorological towers during a strong typhoon Morakot are collected to investigate the statistical characteristics, height and wind speed dependency of the gust factor. Onshore off-sea and off-land winds are comparatively studied, respectively to characterize the underlying terrain effects on the gust factor. The theoretical method of peak factor based on Gaussian assumption is then introduced to compare the gust factor profiles observed in this study and given in some building codes and standards. The results show that the probability distributions of gust factor for both off-sea winds and off-land winds can be well described using the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution model. Compared with the off-land winds, the off-sea gust factors are relatively smaller, and the probability distribution is more leptokurtic with longer tails. With the increase of height, especially for off-sea winds, the probability distributions of gust factor are more peaked and right-tailed. The scatters of gust factor decrease with the mean wind speed and height. AS/NZ's suggestions are nearly parallel with the measured gust factor profiles below 80m, while the fitting curve of off-sea data below 120m is more similar to AIJ, ASCE and EU.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.531-546
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• 2022

Ground displacements caused by the construction of overlapping twin shield tunnels with small turning radius are complex, especially under special geological conditions of construction. To investigate the ground displacements caused due to shield machines in the unique calcareous sand layers in Israel for the first time and determine the main factors affecting the ground displacements, field monitoring, laboratory geological analysis, theoretical calculations, and parameter studies were adopted. By using rod extensometers, inclinometers, total stations, and automatic segment-displacement monitors, subsurface tunneling-induced displacement, surface settlement, and displacement of the down-track tunnel segments caused by the construction of an up-track tunnel were analyzed. The up-track tunnel and the down-track tunnel pass through different stratum, resulting in different construction parameters and ground displacements. The laws of variation of thrust and torque, soil pressure in the chamber, excavated soil quantity, synchronous grouting pressure, and grout volume of the two tunnels from parallel to fully overlapping orientations were compared. The thrust and torque of the shield in the fine sand are larger than those in the Kurkar layer, and the grouting amount in fine sand is unstable. According to fuzzy statistics and Gaussian curve fitting of the shield tunneling speed, the tunneling speed in the Kurkar stratum is twice that in the fine-sand stratum.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.349-358
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• 2023

This paper describes an in-depth analysis on flexural strength of a girder-deck system experiencing a strand debonding damage with various strengthening systems, based on finite element software ABAQUS. A detailed finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed and verified against the relevant experimental data performed by other researchers. The proposed analytical model showed a good agreement with experimental data. Based on the verified FE model, over a hundred girder-deck systems were investigated with the consideration of following variables: 1) debonding level, 2) span-to-depth ratio (L/d), 3) strengthening type, 4) strengthening material thickness. Based on the data above, a new detailed analytical model was developed and proposed for estimating residual flexural strength of the strand-debonding damaged girder-deck system with strengthening systems. It was demonstrated that both finite element model and analysis model could be used to predict flexural behaviors for debonding damaged prestressed girder-deck systems. Since the strands are debonding from surrounding concrete over a certain zone over the length of the beam, the increase of strain in strands can be linked with a ratio ψ, which is L_p/c. The analytical model was proposed and developed regarding the ratio ψ. By conducting procedure of calculating ψ, the ψ value varies from 9.3 to 70.1. Multiple nonlinear regression analysis was performed in Software IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0.1 to derive equation of ψ. ψ equation was curved to be an exponential function, and the independent variable (X) is a linear function in terms of three variables of debonding level (λ), span length (L), and amount of strengthening material (A_s). The coefficient of determinate (R²) for curve fitting in nonlinear regression analysis is 0.8768. The developed analytical model was compared to the ultimate capacities computed by FEA model.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.169-180
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• 2023

수중음향통신의 성능은 다중경로 전달과 도플러 확산에 크게 영향을 받는다. 본 논문은 다중경로 전달 환경에서 강인한 기존의 Sweep Spread Carrier(SSC) 기법을 변형하여, 새로운 통신기법인 Triangle Spread Carrier(TSC) 기법을 제안한다. 제안한 TSC 기법은 상승-처프와 하강-처프 신호가 반복되는 반송파를 갖는 형태이며, 각각의 상관함수 특성을 활용하여 수신 신호의 도플러 천이 주파수를 추정하고 보정한다. 제안된 TSC 기법의 성능을 입증하기 위하여 수중 채널 시뮬레이터를 이용한 모의실험과 동해에서 수행된 해상실험을 결과를 제시한다. 해상실험 결과 추정된 도플러 천이 주파수만을 이용하여 복조하였을 때 비부호화 된 비트 오류율은 최대 0.194였지만, 제안한 방법을 적용하였을 때 비부화화된 비트 오류율이 0.001로 감소하였다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제66권4호
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• pp.382-392
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• 2023

Objective : The use of indocyanine green videoangiography (ICG-VA) to assess blood flow in the brain during cerebrovascular surgery has been increasing. Clinical studies on ICG-VA have predominantly focused on qualitative analysis. However, quantitative analysis numerical modelling for time profiling enables a more accurate evaluation of blood flow kinetics. In this study, we established a multiple exponential modified Gaussian (multi-EMG) model for quantitative ICG-VA to understand accurately the status of cerebral hemodynamics. Methods : We obtained clinical data of cerebral blood flow acquired the quantitative analysis ICG-VA during cerebrovascular surgery. Varied asymmetric peak functions were compared to find the most matching function form with clinical data by using a nonlinear regression algorithm. To verify the result of the nonlinear regression, the mode function was applied to various types of data. Results : The proposed multi-EMG model is well fitted to the clinical data. Because the primary parameters-growth and decay rates, and peak center and heights-of the model are characteristics of model function, they provide accurate reference values for assessing cerebral hemodynamics in various conditions. In addition, the primary parameters can be estimated on the curves with partially missed data. The accuracy of the model estimation was verified by a repeated curve fitting method using manipulation of missing data. Conclusion : The multi-EMG model can possibly serve as a universal model for cerebral hemodynamics in a comparison with other asymmetric peak functions. According to the results, the model can be helpful for clinical research assessment of cerebrovascular hemodynamics in a clinical setting.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.743-757
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• 2023

In this paper, the dynamic response of a simply-supported composite sandwich plate with a viscoelastic core based on the Golla-Hughes-McTavish (GHM) viscoelastic model is investigated analytically. The formulation is developed using the three-layered sandwich panel theory. Hamilton's principle has been employed to derive the equations of motion. Since classical models, like kelvin-voigt and Maxwell models, cannot express a comprehensive description of the dynamic behavior of viscoelastic material, the GHM method is used to model the viscoelastic core of the plate in this research. The main advantage of the GHM model in comparison with classical models is the consideration of the frequency-dependent characteristic of viscoelastic material. Identification of the material parameters of GHM mini-oscillator terms is an essential procedure in applying the GHM model. In this study, the focus of viscoelastic modeling is on the development of GHM parameters identification. For this purpose, a new method is proposed to find these constants which express frequency-dependent behavior characterization of viscoelastic material. Natural frequencies and loss factors of the sandwich panel based on ESL and three-layered theories in different geometrics are described at 30℃ and 90℃; also, the comparisons show that obtained natural frequencies are grossly overestimated by ESL theory. The argumentations of differences in natural frequencies are also illustrated in detail. The obtained results show that the GHM model presents a more accurate description of the plate's dynamic response by considering the frequency dependency behavior of the viscoelastic core.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권2A호
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• pp.187-196
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• 2008

이 연구에서는 단순 트러스 모델을 이용한 철근콘크리트 바닥판의 펀칭전단강도 평가방안을 제안하였다. 철근콘크리트 바닥판의 펀칭전단 해석의 본질적인 어려움을 극복하기 위해 집중하중이 작용하는 바닥판을 펀칭전단 파괴 형태에 기초하여 펀칭콘과 나머지 부분의 소구조체로 구분하였다. 펀칭콘의 강도는 이상화한 트러스의 경사압축부재의 강성도로써 유도되었다. 수평변위를 제어하고 있는 롤러지점의 수평방향 스프링 부재의 강성도는 펀칭콘 내에 포함된 철근에 의하여 결정되었다. 3차원 구조물의 2차원화에 따른 오차와 해석과정에 포함되지 않은 나머지 소구조체의 강성도 등에 기인하는 불확실성들을 포함하기 위하여 경사압축재의 초기각은 실험결과들에 대해 주인장 철근비를 변수로 수행된 회귀분석을 통하여 구하였다. 단순 트러스 모델로부터 구한 펀칭전단강도는 실험결과와의 비교에서 신뢰성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 단순 트러스 모델의 스냅스로우(snap-through)좌굴해석으로부터 구한 펀칭전단강도는 철근콘크리트 바닥판의 펀칭전단강도의 검토에 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.58-70
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• 2023

The improper management of radioactive waste or accidents caused by natural disasters can result in the release of radioactive materials into the surrounding environment, potentially leading to soil and groundwater contamination by radionuclides. In this study, adsorption-desorption behaviors of the radionuclides (cobalt and strontium) in natural soil, montmorillonite, Mn-PILC, Fe-PILC, and fishbone were investigated. Several models were used to predict adsorption isotherms of radionuclides on various absorbents. Adsorption isotherms of cobalt and strontium in several adsorbents were examined at pH 5.5. The amount of sorbed cobalt and strontium were represented fishbone > natural soil > Mn-PILC > Fe-PILC > montmorillonite and natural soil > Mn-PILC > fishbone > Fe-PILC > montmorillonite, respectively. Adsorption datas were fitted with several models such as Freundlich, Langmuir, Sips, Redlich-Peterson, Khan, and Generalized model. The results of curve fitting showed R²> 0.98 in all of adsorption models, except Sr²⁺ adsorption onto montmorillonite. For modified clays (Mn-PILC, Fe-PILC), it is suggested that, unlike natural soils and fish bones, there are not only single adsorption mechanisms but also adsorption mechanisms based on chemical adsorption and surface charge. In the case of fish bones, due to the relatively higher adsorption capacity than modified clays and its characteristic of significant desorption, it is expected more suitable for the removal of radionuclides in aquatic environments than for the immobilization of radionuclides in soil.