• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.46
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• pp.297-325
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• 2017

In this paper, I would like to reconsider the evidential category (or the mediation category) in languages with language specific values, especially in Korean and French evidentials. We tried to analyze how the evidentials are represented in both languages including their linguistic markers (grammatical, lexical or discursive) and their semantic meanings. According to the precedent studies from the general linguistic point of view, we would like to reconsider the semantic meanings of both languages' grammatical markers, the so-called Korean retrospective marker '-te-' and French conditionals in the framework of the enunciative operation theory suggested by $Descl{\acute{e}}s$ & $Guentch{\acute{e}}va$ (2000), which proposed to classify the type of discourse by the language-independent description tools conceived after the enunciation theory suggested by Bally (1965), Benveniste (1956), Culioli (1973). Through this approach, we would like to contribute to establishing the linguistic basis not only for the general linguistic research to determine the invariant meaning of linguistic evidentials and their system, but also for the applied linguistics to the language engineering field.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.41
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• pp.381-413
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• 2015

This article aims to trace a historical trajectory of "Humanism" as a Modern scientific concept in the light of Michel Foucault's genealogy. Generally, we believe that Humanism is a natural and eternal idea for mankind, because no one doubts that he or she is not included in the category of a "Human Being." On the contrary, according to French philosopher Foucault, the Idea of Humanism, or anthropocentrism, appeared only in the Modern Age, from the 16th century downward. Before the Renaissance, human beings did not occupy the most important status in Nature, and only existed as natural beings. As soon as mankind was liberated from the superstitious of fear and religious dogma, the concept of "Human Being" is supplied with new meanings and values. The famous maxim, such as, "Man is the lord of creation" constitutes modern human science as an inviolable category of modernity. However, Foucault tried to illuminate the hidden sides of humanism, and gave us the strict warning on the end of the human beings, which turned out to be an object of Modern knowledge. If there would be no reason to maintain a knowledge system of Modernity, in other words, Modernity as knowledge would lose its validity and we could give up Humanism as a heavy burden. Moreover, it is very clear that we are confronted with the critical moments of radical skepticism on the meaning and value for Humanity. That means that we need to think about the new transformations of Human Beings, which will probably appear in the forms of "Non-Humans," "Machines (Deleuze & Guattari)," or "Post-Humans" etc. At the present time, we cannot know if it will be positive, or negative for mankind. We should look back at the history of Humanism from a genealogical perspective, which is why we have to investigate the conceptual trajectory of Humanism in this moment.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.43
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• pp.171-206
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• 2016

Russian anarchist thinker P. A. Kropotkin had a significant impact on the school of thought, the literary field and the anarchist movement in East Asia in the early 20th century. This paper examines the history of the translation of Kropotkin in terms of the routes and paths of translation in colonial Korea in comparison with those in Japan and China. It is a known fact that the acceptance of Kropotkin in colonial Korea is owed to pioneering translation works in Japan, but it appears that there have been various transformations and magnetizations in the process of translating the texts into the Korean language. Despite a disturbing censorship, the works of Kropotkin, such as "I appeal to the youth ("Aux Jeunes Gens" in French)", were imported, translated and distributed by various routes throughout the 1920s and there were various versions of translated Korean texts. At this point, it is noteworthy that there are works which were translated from Chinese texts about Kropotkin, such as the works of Yu Seo (柳絮), and it can be said that there is a relationship between Korean translations and Chinese original texts. Since the 1930s, the phenomenon of the appropriation of Kropotkin as a litterateur and critic rather than an anarchist thinker is particularly apparent, and this allows us to understand that Kropotkin became a major pathway to interpret Russian literature in East Asia. In colonial Korea, translations of Kropotkin were generally via Japan and China, but the process of translation also showed the struggle to accept and adapt 'the foreign text' into the Korean language.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.43
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• pp.241-264
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to devise teaching goals for Liberal Literature Lessons in college through the class . Lots of domestic and foreign novels have recently been turned into films or TV series. As cinematized novels become hits in movie theaters, the original stories ascend to the bestseller list due to the success in the box-office, which proves once again how powerful the visual media is. In this study, 10 works of cinematized literature were explored for one semester in a Liberal Literature class called , aimed at increasing students' interest in novels in the era of digital images. The literary works chosen for the study were novels that had won the Akutagawa Prize, which is given to writers in the field of pure literature, the Naoki Prize, which is awarded in the field of popular literature, and the Japanese Bookstore Grand Prize, which the employees at Japanese bookstores award to the novel they want to sell most. Afterward, a survey was conducted on students in the class to determine their satisfaction with the lectures. Despite the fact that they had little interest in Japanese Literature before taking this lecture, they indicated greater interest in Japanese movies and culture as well as novels due to the class.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.46
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• pp.355-377
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• 2017

Compared with other Altaic languages, Japanese and Korean languages are much closer to each other in grammar, and also to Ryukyuan language. According to the literature, Korean people are the first foreigners to record Ryukyuan language in a written form. In the passage "pronunciation interpreting the Ryukyuan Kingdom" from A Journey to the Eastern Countries (1512), Korean people perfectly preserved the pronunciation and meanings of words and sentences in Ryukyuan language in both Korean and Chinese languages, which is an extremely valuable material. Unfortunately, the later time period witnessed stagnation after a prominent beginning. In order to clarify the language family to which Korean belongs to, it is necessary to thoroughly compare Korean language with Japanese and Ryukyuan languages. Different from lexis, grammar underwent a slow and gradual process of variation. A comparative study of the three languages can provide strong evidence for defining the language family of Korean. Based on this rationale, this paper starts from the comparison of grammar elements of these three languages, aiming at case markers including the nominative case markers and the accusative case markers, and observes the procedures and functions diachronically. Based on the examples from the medieval data, it is found that the nominative case markers and the accusative case markers of these three languages vary from each other in forms and origins. Although they show some similarities in functions, it can be conjectured that there is no cognate for the three languages in the history.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.45
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• pp.269-293
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• 2016

This research studies the characteristics of the family systems of traditional societies in Black Africa. For this purpose, this study has chosen three subtopics: the distinctive features of traditional societies, marriage customs (polygamy and polyandry), and the societal features of patriarchal and matriarchal societies. First, we analyze men's and women's roles, ownership and management of the land, dowry, and social values of livestock as the distinctive features that support the family system in traditional Black African societies. These elements play an important role in increasing the number of family members. Next we analyze marriage customs-polygamy and polyandry-which increase the number of family members, on the one hand, and secure the labor force, on the other hand. Most traditional societies in Black Africa prectice polygamy. However, the $Bashil{\acute{e}}l{\acute{e}}$ and Bahima prectice polyandry. Polygamy in traditional societies in Black Africa is based on the traditional social customs that display the authority and dignity of the family head, who has control over all family members in both patrilineal and matrilineal societies. The authority and dignity of the family head are used to keep and increase the number of family members, that is, to secure the community firmly. Finally, most traditional societies are patrilineal. However, matrilineal societies are prevalent in the so-called Matrilineal Belt, which term refers to the savanna regions where Bantu peoples reside, that is, the coastal regions from the Angolan coast, bordering the Atlantic, to the Tanzanian and Mozambique coasts that border the Indian Ocean. These societies trace descent through the maternal bloodline. The traditional family system in Black Africa is based on economic social, and political factors, as well as on the community spirit of the members, which has resulted from the choices made to increase the prosperity and well-being of the people.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.557-568
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• 2018

The manufacturing techniques were studied by investigating a precise analysis on wall structure, features of materials and the painting layer of the bracket mural paintings at Daeungbojeon Hall in Naesosa temple. The wall frame is a single-branch structure, and The mural paintings are composed of 3 layers which are a support layer, a finishing layer and a painting layer. The support layer and the finishing layer are an earth wall that sand and clay such as Quartz, Feldspar, and etc. are mixed. The support and the finishing layers have a combination of medium particle sand and smaller than fine particle sand in the approximate ratios of 0.8:9.2 and 6:4, respectively. Therefore, the aforementioned ratio of sand with medium or large particles is relatively higher in the finishing layer than the support layer. As a result of a precise analysis on the painting layer, it has a relatively thick ground layer for painting which is maximum $456.15{\mu}m$ by using Celadonite or Glauconite and the paintings were colored by using pigments such as Atacamite, Kaolinite or Halloysite, Oxidized steel, and etc. on it. The manufacturing style and the painting techniques of an earth wall are included in the category of the Joseon Dynasty style that have been studied up to now, but the facts that the finishing layer has a high content of sand and a middle layer and chopped straw have not been identified. These are remarkable points in terms of structure and materials, and can be crucial in the evaluation of the state of conservation of mural paintings or preparation of a conservation plan.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.161-170
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• 2018

In this paper, the aspects of recollection discourse during the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 are discussed. As a research method the dialectic of oblivion is used. The results of the study are like these: first, the hero discourse of Lee Soon-Sin was the center of the discourse of the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 until the 20th century. In the two books Jingbirok and A War Diary written at that time, the subjective and objective description of the war was essential. However, it has a limit that it can't describe the real situation of the war that the people and the soldiers went through, as it focuses on Lee Soon-Sin's inner thoughts. Second, in the 21st century The Song of Sword written by Kim Hoon deals with the inner mind of Lee Soon-Sin in monologue unlike the usual hero discourse. Although as we can see in the records about the marine righteous army, people centered discourse description of the war shows a different way of discourse about the Imjin War. The movie, Myeongryang directed by Kim Han-Min tries to modify the way of remembering the war and presents the real heroes were the people and Lee Soon-Sin was a additional character in the war by showing a lot of battle scenes in the sea. The truth of history can't be found by only researching the recorded materials. As cultural texts dealing with the way of remembering the war, the novel shows a struggling individual not a hero and the movie focuses on that people's active participation led the victory of the war.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.52
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• pp.111-132
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• 2018

The way of approaching 'the relationship between love and justice' varies from person to person. We can argue for superiority of love or for superiority of justice by understanding the relationship between the two as conflicting. We can also argue that we need each other by understanding each other as a complementary relationship rather than an oppositional relationship. Hegel, however, sees love and justice as independent constitutive principles valid in different areas and does not regard the two as opposing nor complementary. This can only be understood when the structure of Hegel's theory of recognition is properly assumed. The relationship between love and justice will be considered mainly in Hegel's theory of recognition. Key philosophical points of Hegel's theory of recognition and consequences drawn on the relationship between love and justice on the basis of the theory will be examined. This can be summarized in the form of a thesis, roughly as follows. - Hegel presents love, justice and solidarity, that are various forms of recognition, to a family, a civil society and a state, that are three forms of social relations, as their constitutive principles. He does not grasp the relationship between love and justice as oppositional nor as complementary, that is different from many people's general perspective on the relationship of the two. - In Hegel's theory of recognition, love and justice differ in the areas in which they are valid. Love is a valid principle in the intimacy, and justice is a valid principle in non-intimacy. So, if justice and rights are asserted in intimacy, the area of intimacy is destroyed. Conversely, if love is asserted in non-intimacy, it cannot exercise real influence. - In the political community such as a state, where intimacy and non-intimacy overlap each other, the principle of solidarity is needed as a new constitutive principle, since a state does not stand on the principle of love as in a family nor on the principle of justice as in a civil society.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.53
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• pp.73-102
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to explain, using Jacques Lacan's theory of desire, how Ellen Olenska functions as the object petit a in her relationship with Newland Archer and to connect the impossibility of Newland and Ellen's love with the impossibility of desire, in Edith Wharton's The Age of Innocence. In New York society in the 1870s, the unpleasant truth was avoided, personal opinions were excluded, no room for imagination existed, and other-ness was expelled. In that society, Newland realized that true love and true emotions were lacking in his life. For Newland, Ellen was the gap in New York society and the object that could fill that gap. Ellen functioned as the object petit a. But the romance between Newland and Ellen was forbidden in New York society, where everything was dominated by strict social codes, and especially because Newland was engaged to Ellen's cousin, May Welland. Ellen became inaccessible to Newland and this set Newland's desire for Ellen in motion. He idealized Ellen as the objet petit a, based on the fantasy that she would fill the void in his life. However, at every critical moment, Newland delayed unification with Ellen by resorting to social codes. His actions betrayed that the goal of his desire was not the fulfillment, but the reproduction of desire, with its circular movement. His decision not to see Ellen in Paris again at the end of the novel can be interpreted as Newland's effort to maintain Ellen as the inaccessible object, objet petit a, forever. It is this impossibility of desire that the romance of Newland and Ellen is predicated upon. Another purpose of this study was to expand this impossibility of desire to the relationship between man and woman and to interpret The Age of Innocence as a story showing the characteristics of the relationship between the sexes. The relationship between Newland and Ellen shows that there is no harmonious relationship between the sexes and that woman exists only as a fantasy object, objet petit a for man.