• Speech Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.131-145
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• 2004

The informative or important entities in utterances are focused and the focused items are usually accompanied by changes in phonetic manifestation. Phonetic realizations triggered by focus include changes of tonal contours as well as segmental strengthening. Focus in Korean is characterized by new phrase initiation, dephrasing, and initial tone contour with an enlarged pitch range in addition to segmentally lengthened initial segment. Focusing on the prosodic cues which play an important role in delivering the speakers' intention, this study aims to find out what intonational characteristics of Korean focus are realized by English learners of Korean. The English learners are divided into two groups according to their fluency in Korean, and the differences in focus realization between each group are discussed. Furthermore, the phonological and phonetic realizations of focus by English learners of Korean are compared to those by Korean native speakers. The results of this study yields two suggestions for Korean intonation education of L2 learners. First, the comparison between the two speaker groups can give better understanding in how and why the Korean intonation of English speakers is different from that of Koreans. Second, each phonological and phonetic characteristic of focus realization can weigh differently and its realization provides a criterion for evaluation of L2 Korean proficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.35-45
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• 2008

For the highly involved and emotional product, such as cosmetic product, the consumer focuses on the information about the symbolic meaning of a product. As a continuum, cosmetic advertising frequently requires a celebrity and/or cue since it provides identification between customer and cosmetic. Although many studies have examined the effectiveness of the congruence between brand image and self-image, there are little research regarding the congruence between advertising image and self image. The objective of this study is to examine the attitudinal effectiveness of the congruence between cosmetic advertising image and self-image. For the experiment, 2(ad type: rational vs emotional) factorial designs were performed. A total of 240 undergraduate female students participated in the experiment. The results of the study are as follows. First, the congruence had a significantly positive influence on advertising attitude, but not on brand attitude. Second, the type of cosmetic advertising caused differences in attitudinal persuasiveness affected by the congruence.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.173-180
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• 2016

The meta-analysis has become a widely used tool for many applications in bioinformatics, including genome-wide association studies. A commonly used approach for meta-analysis is the fixed effects model approach, for which there are two popular methods: the inverse variance-weighted average method and weighted sum of z-scores method. Although previous studies have shown that the two methods perform similarly, their characteristics and their relationship have not been thoroughly investigated. In this paper, we investigate the optimal characteristics of the two methods and show the connection between the two methods. We demonstrate that the each method is optimized for a unique goal, which gives us insight into the optimal weights for the weighted sum of z-scores method. We examine the connection between the two methods both analytically and empirically and show that their resulting statistics become equivalent under certain assumptions. Finally, we apply both methods to the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium data and demonstrate that the two methods can give distinct results in certain study designs.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.175-183
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• 2005

In this study, realization of strong and weak syllables in English by Korean leaners with low English proficiency was examined through experiment. The aspects of three acoustic characteristics-duration, pitch, amplitude-were measured and compared with native speakers of English. It was assumed that production of duration, pitch and amplitude of strong and weak syllable by Korean learners would be different from that of English native speakers. According to the production experiments, English native speakers produced strong syllable longer, higher and louder than weak syllable. However, Korean leaners produced strong syllable higher and louder than weak syllable, but not longer enough. Specifically, weak syllable by Korean leaners was longer and strong syllable shorter than native speakers. Furthermore, the difference in duration of syllables between Korean leaners and English native speakers is more significant than pitch and amplitude. As a result, the duration was more important cue for the realization of stress than pitch and amplitude. However, Korean leaners did not produce duration of stressed syllables as English native speakers did, even though they produce the pitch and amplitude of stressed syllable in a similar way to native speakers. The reasons for those were considered, too.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.50
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• pp.97-118
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• 2000

The purposes of the present research were (1) to investigate the sociological factors influencing the increase of ambivalence and the relationship between, the ambivalence and fashion change(2) to categorize sets of the ambivalence expressed for contemporary fashion and (3) to examine the frequency and the patterns of ambivalence presented for contemporary fashion. This research was conducted through in depth literature review and content analysis. Data was collected from 806 colored pictures presented on 'Collections' from 1972 to 1988. Eight types of clothing cues were incluede: look color texture decorative motifs of clothing collar sleeve and wearer's headdress/hair style and make-up. The results of this study were as follows: 1 The popularization of culture has been accelerated by mass production mass consumption and mass media. Since the 1980s postmodernism and poststructuralism have resulted in the breakdown of dualistic distinction. As the ambiguity of meaning in appearance increases the meaning is negotiated constantly for identity. 2. The most frequenctly expressed ambivalence in clothing was feminity/masculinity and tradition/modernity and wealth/poverty was the least. The number of ambivalent expression were the highest during 1990s. The rapid growth in ambivalence of tradition/modernity was found in 1970s feminity/masculinity in 1980s and modesty/immodesty in 1990s. Within a clothing style ambivalence was manifested through feminine look in white for beauty/ugliness feminine look mainly in yellow/red for wealty/poverty sexy look dominantly in black for modesty/immodesty androgynous look in black for feminity/masculinity and through ecology look most frequently in black for tradition/modernity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.41-57
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• 2009

Evaluations of fashion products are often influenced by consumers' knowledge of the country where the products were made in. As globalization progresses, country-of-origin information is widely regarded as a powerful cue on consumers' shopping behavior. The purpose of study was to examine the consumer evaluation of apparel products with uni-national or bi-national country of origin. The effect of price level and gender were also investigated. The empirical research design took 2${\times}$2 factorial design with the country-of-origin coincidence (uni-national vs. bi-national) and price (high vs. low) of gender (male vs. female). Consumers' ethnocentrism and country-of-origin interest were taken into account as covariates in the factorial design. The consumers' evaluation of fashion products was measured in terms of brand attitudes and product attitudes. Data from 514 respondents were analyzed with t-test, one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and ANCOVA. Results of this study affirmed the importance of price information rather than country-of-origin coincidence in brand attitudes and product attitudes. Only for male consumers, interaction effects of price and country-of-origin coincidence had significant eflects on utilitarian attitude. Effects of two covariate variables included in the study were significant for female respondents but not for male respondents.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.369-379
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• 2016

This paper deals with an efficient method for skipping inter-channel phase differences (IPD) in the MPEG surround of the unified speech and audio coding (USAC). Based on the psycho-acoustic sensitivity on the IPD, we estimate a threshold on IPD, below which we can not notice degradation in spatial cue. We propose an IPD skip method, in which any IPDs within the threshold are set to zero and are not transmitted. The proposed IPD skip method gives about 38% savings in terms of bit amount for IPD. Nevertheless, in the MUSHRA test, the proposed method does not show any noticeable degradation in the decoded audio quality.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.22 no.9 s.174
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• pp.77-84
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• 2005

In most vision applications, we are frequently confronted with determining the position of object continuously. Generally, intertwined processes ire needed for target tracking, composed with tracking and control process. Each of these processes can be studied independently. In case of actual implementation we must consider the interaction between them to achieve robust performance. In this paper, the robust real time visual tracking in complex background is considered. A common approach to increase robustness of a tracking system is to use known geometric models (CAD model etc.) or to attach the marker. In case an object has arbitrary shape or it is difficult to attach the marker to object, we present a method to track the target easily as we set up the color and shape for a part of object previously. Robust detection can be achieved by integrating voting-based visual cues. Kalman filter is used to estimate the motion of moving object in 3D space, and this algorithm is tested in a pan/tilt robot system. Experimental results show that fusion of cues and motion estimation in a tracking system has a robust performance.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.89-99
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• 2004

A comprehensive psychophysical scaling system, multiple-modality magnitude estimation system (MMES) has been designed to measure subjective multidimensional human perception. Unlike paper-based magnitude estimation systems, the MMES has an additional auditory peripheral cue that varies with corresponding visual magnitude. As the simplest, purely psychological case, bimodal divided-attention conditions were simulated to establish the superiority of the MMES. Subjects were given brief presentations of pairs of simultaneous stimuli consisting of visual line-lengths and auditory white-noise levels. In the visual or auditory focused-attention conditions, only the line-lengths or the noise levels perceived should be reported respectively. On the other hand, in the divided-attention conditions, both the line-lengths and the noise levels should be reported. There were no significant differences among the different attention conditions. Human performance was better when the proportion of magnitude in stimulus pairs were identically presented. The additional auditory cues in the MMES improved the correlations between the magnitude of stimuli and MMES values in the divided-attention conditions.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1269-1273
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• 2010

Typically users prefer to manage and access personal photo collections taken from a cell phone based on events. In this paper we propose an event clustering algorithm that requires low computation cost with high accuracy supporting incremental operation. The proposed method is based on the statistical analysis of the elapsed interval of intra-event photos on the real sample data for the decision of an event boundary. We then incorporate both location and visual information for the ambiguous range to split with only temporal cue. According to test results, we show higher performance compared to existing general clustering approaches.