• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.87-91
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• 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of $Ca^{2+}-channel$ blockers in norepinephrine (NE) release from rat hippocampus. Slices and synaptosomes were incubated with $[^3H]-NE$ and the releases of the labelled products were evoked by 25 mM KCl stimulation. Nifedipine, diltiazem, nicardipine, flunarizine and pimozide did not affect the evoked and basal release of NE in the slice. But, diltiazem, nicardipine and flunarizine decreased the evoked NE release with a dose-related manner without any change of the basal release from synaptosomes. Also, a large dose of pimozide produced modest decrement of NE release. ${\omega}-conotoxin$ (CTx) GVIA decreased the evoked NE release in a dose-dependent manner without changing the basal release. And ${\omega}-CTxMVIIC$ decreased the evoked NE release in the synaoptosomes without any effect in the slice, but the effect of decrement was far less than that of ${\omega}-CTxGVIA.$ In interaction experiments with ${\omega}-CTxGVIA,\;{\omega}-CTxMVIIC$ slightly potentiated the effect of ${\omega}-CTxGVIA$ on NE release in the slice and synaptosomal preparations. These results suggest that the NE release in the rat hippocampus is mediated mainly by N-type $Ca^{2+}-channels,$ and that other types such as L-, T- and/or P/Q-type $Ca^{2+}-channels$ could also be participate in this process.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.334-341
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• 2003

2001년 경북지역 콜레라 유행시 설사환자에서 V. cholerae O1 El Tor형 90주를 분리하였다. 분리균을 대상으로 ctxA, tcpA, hlyA gene에 대한 multiplex-PCR 시험에서는 분리균 모두에서 302, 223, 471 bps크기의 DNA 증폭산물 band를 확인하였다. ctxA 및 ctxB gene 부위의 유전자 염기서열 비교에서 분리균과 GenBank에 수록된 균간의 유형의 차이를 보였다. PFGE typing 실험에서는 분리균 모두에서 동일한 amplicon 단편을 나타내었다. 또한, 2002년 8월부터 10월까지 콜레라균 서식가능성 규명을 위해 경북 동해안 일대에서 plankton 시료채취 및 V. cholerae O1 및 V. cholerae O139의 rfb 및 CT gene 검출을 위한 multiplex-PCR 확인실험에서는 ctxA gene의 DNA band는 일부 검출되었으나, V. cholerae O1 및 V. cholerae O139는 분리되지 않았다. 험에서 ctxA gene DNA band는 검출되었으나, V. cholerae O1 및 V. cholerae O1는 분리되지 않았다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2007

The present study was designed to establish comparatively the inhibitory effects of cilnidipine(CNP), nifedipine(NIF), and $\omega$-conotoxin GVIA(CTX) on the release of CA evoked by cholinergic stimulation and membrane depolarization from the isolated perfused model of the rat adrenal medulla. CNP(3 ${\mu}M$), NIF(3 ${\mu}M$), and CTX(3 ${\mu}M$) perfused into an adrenal vein for 60 min produced greatly inhibition in CA secretory responses evoked by ACh($5.32{\times}10^{-3}M$), DMPP($10^{-4}M$ for 2 min), McN-A-343($10^{-4}M$ for 2 min), high $K^+(5.6{\times}10^{-2}M)$, Bay-K-8644($10^{-5}M$), and cyclopiazonic acid($10^{-5}M$), respectively. For the CA release evoked by ACh and Bay-K-8644, the following rank order of potency was obtained: CNP>NIF>CTX. The rank order for the CA release evoked by McN-A-343 and cyclopiazonic acid was CNP>NIF>CTX. Also, the rank orders for high $K^+$ and for DMPP were NIF>CTX>CNP and NIF>CNP>CTX, respectively. Taken together, these results demonstrate that all voltage-dependent $Ca^{2+}$ channels(VDCCs) blockers of cilnidipine, nifedipine, and $\omega$-conotoxin GVIA inhibit greatly the CA release evoked by stimulation of cholinergic(both nicotinic and muscarinic) receptors and the membrane depolarization without affecting the basal release from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland. It seems likely that the inhibitory effects of cilnidipine, nifedipine, and $\omega$-conotoxin GVIA are mediated by the blockade of both L- and N-type, L-type only, and N-type only VDCCs located on the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells, respectively, which are relevant to $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization. It is also suggested that N-type VDCCs play an important role in the rat adrenomedullary CA secretion, in addition to L-type VDCCs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.163-167
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• 2013

In the present study, the effect of intrathecal (i.t.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration with cholera toxin (CTX) on the blood glucose level was examined in ICR mice. The i.t. treatment with CTX alone for 24 h dose-dependently increased the blood glucose level. However, i.c.v. treatment with CTX for 24 h did not affect the blood glucose level. When mice were orally fed with D-glucose (2 g/kg), the blood glucose level reached to a maximum level at 30 min and almost returned to the control level at 120 min after D-glucose feeding. I.c.v. pretreatment with CTX increased the blood glucose level in a potentiative manner, whereas i.t. pretreatment with CTX increased the blood glucose level in an additive manner in a D-glucose fed group. In addition, the blood glucose level was increased in formalin-induced pain animal model. I.c.v. pretreatment with CTX enhanced the blood glucose level in a potentiative manner in formalin-induced pain animal model. On the other hand, i.t. pretreatment with CTX increased the blood glucose level in an additive manner in formalin-induced pain animal model. Our results suggest that CTX administered supraspinally or spinally differentially modulates the regulation of the blood glucose level in D-glucose fed model as well as in formalin-induced pain model.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.703-709
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 ESBL을 생성하는 Escherichia coli의 Extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase (ESBL) 유전자와 퀴놀론 내성결정부위(qnr)의 유전자형과 항생제 내성 양상을 규명하고자 하였다. 임상검체에서 분리 된 E. coli 274개 균주를 대상으로 double-disk synergy test 검사를 실시하여 42개의 ESBL 생성 균주를 분리하였다. 검체별로는 소변에서 28균주가 분리되었으며, 객담에서 6균주, 농에서 3균주, 상처에서 2균주, 혈액에서 2균주 그리고 조직에서 1균주가 분리되었다. 이 균주들을 대상으로 ESBL 유전자와 퀴놀론 내성 유전자를 PCR을 이용하여 검색하였다. 35개의 균주가 1개 혹은 2개의 ESBL 유전자를 보유하고 있었다. ESBL 유전자의 분포는 CTX-M-1이 가장 많았으며, CTX-M-9과 TEM 유전자 순이었다. SHV, CTX-M-2와 CTX-M-8는 검출되지 않았다. qnr 유전자는 10개 균주에서 검출되었으며 유전형별로는 qnrB4, qnrB1, qnrS 1 순이었다. 2가지 이상의 ESBL 유전자를 동시에 보유한 균주와 ESBL과 qnr 유전자를 동시에 보유한 균주가 검출되었다. ESBL 유전자 보유균주는 cefotaxmie (80.0%), levofloxacin (82.9%)과 ampicillin (100%)에 고도내성을 보였다. qnr 유전자 보유 균주의 cefotaxmie, levofloxacin과 ampicillin에 대한 내성율은 각각 70%, 70%, 100%였다. ESBL 유전자들간의 그리고 qnr 유전자와의 동시 보유가 항생제 내성에 미치는 상승효과는 없었다. qnr 유전자 보유와 퀴놀론에 대한 내성 사이의 상관관계도 없었다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

Introduction: The utility of the C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide test (CTX) as a method for staging Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) and its healing process was examined. Materials and Methods: A total 19 patients who were diagnosed with BRONJ underwent a fasted morning CTX test, were enrolled in this study. The serum CTX values ranged from 50 to 630 pg/mL (mean 60). The risk assessment was rated according to the CTX values of the individual patient (minimal risk, ${\geq}$ 150 pg/mL, moderate, 100 to 150 pg/mL, high, ${\leq}$100 pg/mL). The BRONJ scores were then calculated according to the number of BRONJ lesions and their stage. The operation was done as soon as possible, regardless of BORNJ stage. Results: The mean duration of bisphosphonate therapy was 4.1 years. Of the 19 patients, 15, 2 ans 2 received alendronate, risedronate and zoledronate, respecively. Of the 19 patients who underwent a sequestrectomy, saucerization and smoothing, 15 healed after the initial surgery, 1 patient healed after one more surgical procedure, 3 patients did not heal completely but showed improvement in symptoms. Therefore, 17 out of the 19 patients healed completely with complete mucosal coverage and the elimination of pain. The risk assessment using the CTX value and disease severity were not correlated (r=-0.264, P=0.275). In addition, the risk assessment using CTX value and healing after surgery were not correlated (r=-0.147, P=0.547). Conclusion: The serum CTX should be considered carefully by clinicians as part of overall management. Early surgical intervention is of benefit in the treatment of stage II BRONJ.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.176-184
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• 2020

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the change in hand grip strength (HGS) for consecutive 6 months in breast cancer survivors (BCS) undergoing postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (adjCTX) and to determine the factors relevant to HGS after chemotherapy completion Methods: This study was a retrospective observational cohort study. BCS (N=38) who underwent breast cancer surgery and subsequent adjCTX were enrolled. The HGS of both sides was measured before adjCTX and 3 weeks, 2 months and 6 months after adjCTX. And we also collected body composition, anthropometric measurements, social demographics and clinical data. Then we analyzed the changes in HGS over time, and correlation of collected data with HGS at 6 months. Results: A significant increase in HGS of the unaffected side was observed within the first 3 weeks of adjCTX and maintained up to 6 months. In correlation analysis, HGS of both sides was positively correlated with the ipsilateral HGS at 3 weeks, and contralateral HGS at 6 months. And skeletal muscle mass was also positively correlated with the HGS of the unaffected side. In addition, subjects treated with targeted therapy had lower HGS of the unaffected side. However, HGS of the affected side was significantly lower in subjects with breast reconstruction and treated without radiotherapy. Conclusions: To maintain the early recovery of HGS, active and continuous exercise intervention for strengthening might be necessary.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.254-259
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• 2013

Purpose: Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor in children. Although systemic chemotherapy has been the primary treatment, intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) represents a new treatment option. Here, we performed alternate systemic chemotherapy and IAC and retrospectively reviewed the efficacy and safety of this approach. Methods: Patients diagnosed with intraocular RB between January 2000 and December 2011 at Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University, were reviewed. Before February 2010, the primary treatment for RB was chemotherapy (non-IAC/CTX). Since February 2010, the primary treatment for RB has been IAC (IAC/CTX). External beam radiotherapy or high-dose chemotherapy were used as "last resort" treatments just prior to enucleation at the time of progression or recurrence during primary treatment. Enucleation-free survival (EFS) and progression-free survival were assessed. Results: We examined 19 patients (median age, 11.9 months; range, 1.4 to 75.6 months) with a sum of 25 eyes, of which, 60.0% were at advanced Reese Ellsworth (RE) stages. The enucleation rate was 33.3% at early RE stages and 81.8% at advanced RE stages (P=0.028). At 36 months, EFS was significantly higher in the IAC/CTX group than in the non-IAC/CTX group (100% vs. 40.0%, P=0.016). All 5 patients treated with IAC achieved eye preservation, although most patients were at advanced RE stages (IV-V). Conclusion: Despite the limitation of a small sample size, our work shows that an alternative combined approach using IAC and CTX may be safe and effective for eye preservation in advanced RB.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.889-895
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• 2006

To investigate the antibiotic-resistant patterns and the gene types of extended-spectrum $\beta$-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, we collected 226 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains from three general hospitals with more than 500 beds in Busan, Korea from September 2004 to October 2005, The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics was measured using the Gram-negative susceptibility (GNS) cards of Vitek (Vitek system, Hazelwood Inc., MO, U.S.A.). Of the 226 K, pneumoniae isolates, 65 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains were detected by the Vitek system and confirmed by the double-disk synergy test. TEM (Temoniera) type, SHV (sulfhydryl variable) type, and CTX-M (cefotaxime) type genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. All 65 K. pneumoniae strains were resistant to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefepime, ceftriaxone, and aztreonam, and 83.0% of the organisms were resistant to ampicillin/sulbactam, 66.1% to tobramycin, 67.6% to piperacillin/tazobactam, 61.5% to ciprofloxacin, and 47.6% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and 43.0% to gentamicin. TEM-type ESBLs (TEM-1 type, -52 type) were found in 64.6% (42 of 65) of the isolates, SHV-type ESBLs (SHV-2a type, -12 type, -28 type) in 70.7% (46 of 65) of isolates, and CTX-M-type ESBLS (CTX-M-15 type) in 45% (29 of 65) of isolates. Of the 65 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains, two strains were found to harbor blaSHV-28, which were detected in Korea for the first time. Therefore, more investigation and research on SHV-28 are needed in order to prevent the ESBL type-producing K. pneumoniae from spreading resistance to oxyimino cephalosporin antibiotics.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and genotypes of extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase (ESBL) in 377 Escherichia coli isolated from healthy and sick animals. Two isolates (0.5%), each of which were isolated from diseased swine and chicken, respectively, were confirmed as ESBL producing isolates by double disk synergy test, and showed a multidrug resistant phenotype. Minimum inhibitory concentration of cefotaxime for the two ESBL producing isolates were 3~4 times higher than those of ceftazidime, respectively. By PCR and sequencing, one isolate from swine have both $bla_{CTX-15}$ and $bla_{TEM-1}$, and one isolate from chicken have $bla_{CTX-15}$ and $bla_{TEM-116}$. Also, these genes were transferred to E. coli J53 by conjugation. These two isolates showed unrelated pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. To our knowledge, this is the first time that $bla_{TEM-116}$ gene was identified in E. coli isolated from animals in Korea. These results suggest more prudent use of third- generation cephalosporins, and surveillance and monitoring for ESBL producing E. coli in both animals and their environments should be necessary.