• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1390-1396
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• 2003

This research investigates the use of crossbreed cattle (Red Sindhi${\times}$Yellow Local cattle) at household level in the lowland and mountainous zones in Quang Ngai province, Vietnam. The internal and external inputs and outputs of mixed farming systems were analysed to quantify the productivity and efficiency of the use of the crossbred and yellow local cattle. In the mountainous zone, households with crossbred cattle had a lower crop and farm efficiency rate than households without crossbred cattle, but in terms of crop, livestock and farm productivity they did not differ. In the lowland zone, households with crossbred cattle had a higher crop, livestock and farm productivity and crop efficiency rate than households without crossbred cattle, but did not differ in terms of farm efficiency rate. The lowland zone had higher off-farm income, crop and household productivity, but lower livestock productivity, livestock and farm efficiency rate than the mountainous zone. Households with crossbred cattle had lower off-farm income than households without crossbred cattle. The results suggest that interactions between zone and kind of household occur at the households and show that the yellow local cattle is a better breed in the mountainous zone and more or less comparable with crossbred cattle in the lowland zone. The extrapolation of the use of crossbred cattle should be carefully considered in line with feeding practice and management.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2002

The introduction of hybrid and exploitation of heterosis has played a vital role in Indian sericulture industry, which clearly depicts a quantum jump in silk production during the last four decades. Since, the introduction of heterosis, progress in silkworm breeding has depended on success or failure in identifying better combiners. Systematic procedures developed have enabled the breeders to identify the best combiners by combining ability test, line ${\TIMES}$ tester analysis or $D^2$ analysis for maximum expression of heterosis. The level of heterosis expressed in the crossbreed population is determined by the interaction between genotype and prevailing environmental factors. Except some of the pre and post cocoon parameters, heterosis is invariably higher in single crosses compared to three-way and double crosses. However, during hot and humid season, when rearing of F1 bivoltine hybrid is unsuccessful at field level and indigenous races results in very low and poor quality yield, three-way and double crosses can play an important role as an intermediary technology. The objective of this article is to review briefly the concept and causes of heterosis, utilization of different forms of heterosis in silk production and its significance in silkworm, Bombyx mori breeding.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.76-81
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• 2021

Halla horse is crossbreed between Jeju and Thoroughbred horses and is used for riding, racing and meat production. Thus, molecular genetic studies are needed to establish and preserve the industrially valuable Halla horses. This study aimed to analyses the genetic diversity and population structure through 12 microsatellite (MS) markers for Halla and putatively related 3 breeds (Jeju, Mongolian and Thoroughbred horses). On average, the number of alleles, observed heterozygosity (H_obs), expected heterozygosity (H_exp), and polymorphic information content (PIC) among all horses were 10, 0.767, 0.799, and 0.771, respectively. Neighbor-joining tree and STRUCTURE analysis showed that Halla horses were between Thoroughbred and Jeju horses, tend to more influenced by Thoroughbred horses. Therefore, these results could be considered for use as the basic genetic breed relationships resource among the horse breeds (Jeju, Mongolian, and Thoroughbred horses) related to the origins of the Halla horse.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1351-1356
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to compare body weight, ADG, and feed:gain ratio of antibiotic-free pigs from Yorkshire dams and sired by Yorkshire (YY), Berkshire (BY), Large Black (LBY) or Tamworth (TY) boars. All the crossbred pigs in each of three trials were raised as one group from weaning to finishing in the same deep-bedded hoop, providing a comfortable environment for the animals which allowed rooting and other natural behaviors. Birth, weaning and litter weights were measured and recorded. From approximately 50 kg to market weight (125 kg), feed intake and body weights were recorded manually (body weight) or using a FIRE (Feed Intake Recording Equipment, Osborne Industries Inc. Osborne, Kansas) system with eight individual feeding stations. Feed intake data for 106 finishing pigs between 140 and 210 d of age and the resulting weights and feed conversion ratios were analyzed by breed type. Least square means for body weights (birth, weaning and to 240 d) were estimated with Proc Mixed in SAS 9.2 for fixed effects such as crossbreed and days of age within the sire breed. The differences within fixed effects were compared using least significant differences with DIFF option. Individual birth weights and weaning weights were influenced by sire breed (p<0.05). For birth weight, BY pigs were the lightest, TY and YY pigs were the heaviest but similar to each other and LBY pigs were intermediate. For weaning weights, BY and LBY pigs were heavier than TY and YY pigs. However, litter birth and weaning weights were not influenced by sire breed, and average daily gain was also not significantly different among breed types. Tamworth sired pigs had lower overall body weight gain, and feed conversion was lower in TY and YY groups than BY and LBY groups (p<0.05), however, number of observations was somewhat limited for feed conversion and for Tamworth pigs. Overall, no convincing differences among breed types were noted for this study, but growth performance in the outdoor environment was satisfactory.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.457-464
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• 2005

A total of 80 pigs were used to investigate the effect of crossbred method on meat quality. Crossbred pigs were alloted into one of two experimental groups[T1 : Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire ${\times}$ Duroc(LYD) and T2: Yorkshire ${\times}$ Berkshire ${\times}$ Berkshire(YBB)]. Crossbred pigs were slaughtered at approximately 110kg live weight, and pH, cooking loss, texture, shear force, color(CIE $L^*$ $a^*$ $b^*$), fatty acid composition and sensory evaluation were measured in pork loin. Crude fat percentage was higher in YBB, whereas protein was higher in LYD than that for the other groups. Shear force was lower in YBB than LYD, but, pH and water-holding capacity were not significantly different. In meat color, $L^*$ was higher in YBB than LYD, whereas $a^*$ and $b^*$ were not significantly different between breeds. Hardness, adhesiveness and gumminess of YBB were significantly lower than LYD. Saturated fatty acid of YBB was lower than that for LYD and essential fatty acid was higher in YBB. In sensory evaluation of cooked meat, color, marbling score and overall acceptability were significantly higher in YBB, Aroma, flavor, taste, juiciness and overall acceptability of YBB were significantly higher than LYD in fresh meat. In conclusion, the overall meat quality was better in YBB than that for LYD.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.991-997
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the laying period performance of two crossbred Korean native chicken (KNC) grand parent stock (GPS) layer during 20 to 40 weeks. A total of 351 20-week-old KNC GPS were allocated in a completely randomized design to give 4 birds per each cage. The chickens were fed commercial diets [i.e., week 20 - 32, crude protein (CP) 18.0% and metabolizable energy (ME) 2,850 kcal/kg; week 32 - 40, CP 17.0% and ME 2,800 kcal/kg)] and fresh water during the whole experiment period ad libitum basis. Body weight, age of sexual maturity, egg weight, hen-day egg production (HDP) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured during the experiment period (week 20 - 40). The results show no significant difference in the Body weight, age of sexual maturity, egg weight, and hen-day egg production (HDP) except for egg weight. 1B had a higher egg weight on week 36 only. We expect that the reason why most factors showed no significant difference is the lack of nutrients caused by limited feeding which follows the standard feeding system for the grand-parent stock. These results provide basic information for laying data in 2-way crossbred Korean native chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1296-1302
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• 2008

This work was conducted to study the performance, carcass characteristics, chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the Longissimus muscle (LM) of first-generation Purunã (n = 7, PUR1), second-generation Purunã (n = 9, PUR2), and 1/2 Puruna vs. 1/2 Canchin (n = 13, PUCA) bulls finished in a feedlot. The animals averaged 18 months of age at the beginning of the experiment. The animals were kept in a feedlot from 18 to 22 months of age. They were fed twice a day with corn silage ad libitum, along with soybean meal, cracked corn, urea, limestone and mineral salt. PUR1 bulls had greater (p<0.05) final weight (496.0 kg) than PUCA bulls (449.2 kg). However, there was no difference (p>0.05) between PUR1 and PUR2 (472.0 kg), and between PUR2 and PUCA. Hot carcass weight was similar (p>0.05) among the different genetic groups. Hot carcass dressing percentage was similar (p>0.10) between PUR1 (50.4%) and PUCA (53.8%), and higher (p<0.10) than PUR2 (48.6%). Cushion thickness was greater (p<0.05) in PUCA bulls (27.12 cm). The other parameters were similar (p<0.05) among the three genetic groups. Total lipid and cholesterol contents were higher (p<0.01) in PUR2. Moisture, ash and crude protein contents were similar (p>0.05) among the three genetic groups. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) levels were higher (p<0.10) in PUR1 and PUR2 (51.58% and 50.41%, respectively). Polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were higher (p<0.05) in PUR1 and PUCA (6.50% and 8.29%, respectively). N-6, n-3 and PUFA/SFA ratios were higher (p<0.05) in PUCA. MUFA and n-6/n-3 ratios were similar (p>0.05) among the different genetic groups.

• Archives of design research
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• v.9
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• pp.1201-1208
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• 1994

During the 1970s, as Los Angeles-based designer April Greiman made her professional way, her work was popularly labeled "New Wave: The term no longer seems to fit. Today, Greiman refers to her brand of design as "hybrid imagery." For combining photography, drawing, video, computer-generated images and typography in her designs, she creates a crossbreed that blends but is unlike any of its parts. To her credit, Greiman was one of the first designers who saw potential in the "textures" of video and computer-based imagery, and was brave enough to integrate this new visual language into the mainstream design work she was creating. She was also one of the designers to use the Macintosh computer as her primary design tool. Despite her pioneering work, she refuses the label of "experimental" designer. She prefers to say she, is interested in process, in layering images to evoke both a thoughtful and emotional response. thoughtful and emotional response.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2013

This study was conducted to determine the meat quality characteristics of pork belly from 3 different two-way crossbreeds of Yorkshire${\times}$Landrace (YL), Yorkshire${\times}$Berkshire (YB), and Yorkshire${\times}$Chester White (YC), which were domesticated for Korean consumers. Twenty pigs from each crossbreed (total n=60) were randomly selected when they reached the 110-120 kg range of market weight, slaughtered, and cooled at $0^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. The pork bellies on the left side of the cooled carcasses were then sampled and analyzed. The pH of pork bellies was the lowest in YC among the crossbreds. There was no significant difference in fat content by crossbred, but YB bellies had the lowest moisture content (p<0.05). The cooking loss of YB bellies was lower than those of others (p<0.05). The TBARS values in YB was significantly higher than those of the others at 14 d. YL bellies had a higher percentage of stearic acid, oleic acid, and MUFA than the other breeds, while YB and YC had a higher percentage of myristic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and n-6 fatty acids than the YB (p<0.05). PUFA content and P/S were significantly higher in YC compared with YL. Except for arginine, the concentrations of most free amino acids were higher in YB bellies than in others, (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation scores of bellies were higher for YC than for other breeds (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 2021

This study investigated the morphological features, growth, and meat yield performance of Pekin (P), Nageswari (N), and their reciprocal F₁ crossbreds (P♂×N♀ and N♂×P♀). A total of 301-day-old ducklings were reared in four different pens up to 20 weeks of age under intensive management conditions. Feeding and management practices were similar for all individuals throughout the experimental period. The morphology and plumage pattern of F₁ crossbreds were similar to those of indigenous Nageswari ducks because of the dominant inheritance of the extended Black allele (E locus). Genotype had significant differences (P<0.05) among the four genotypes in morphometric measurements, except wing and shank length. Growth performance was highly significant among the four genotypes (P<0.001) from one-day to 12 weeks of age. The average live weights of P, N, P♂×N♀ and N♂×P♀ crossbred genotypes at 12 weeks of age were 2038.35±29.74, 1542.44±33.61, 1851.85±28.59 and 1691.08±27.80 g, respectively. Meat yield parameters varied significantly (P<0.05) among the different genotypes for all studied traits, except for liver and gizzard weight. Moreover, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between P and P♂×N♀ crossbred for important meat yield traits such as hot carcass weight, dressing%, back half weight, drumstick with thigh weight and breast meat weight. Remarkably, the P♂×N♀ crossbreed possesses 50% native inheritance, which contributes to better adaptation in a hot-humid environment. Our results revealed that the P♂×N♀ genotype could be suitable for higher meat production with better adaptability in the agro-climatic conditions of Bangladesh.