• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.137-147
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• 2022

This study investigated the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) wall-slab frames with masonry infills. Four RC wall-slab frames with or without masonry infill were tested under cyclic loading. The RC frames were composed of in-plane and out-of-plane walls and top and bottom slabs. For masonry infill walls, cement bricks were stacked applying mortar paste only at the bed joints, and, at the top, a gap of 50 mm was intentionally left between the masonry wall and top RC slab. Both sides of the masonry walls were finished by applying ordinary or fiber-reinforced mortars. The tests showed that despite the gap on top of the masonry walls, the strength and stiffness of the infilled frames were significantly increased and were different depending on the direction of loading and the finishing mortars. During repeated loading, the masonry walls underwent horizontal and diagonal cracking and corner crushing/spalling, showing a rocking mode inside the RC wall-slab frame. Interestingly, this rocking mode delayed loss of strength, and as a result, the ductility of the infilled frames increased to the same level as the bare frame. The interaction of masonry infill and adjacent RC walls, depending on the direction of loading, was further investigated based on test observations.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.299-307
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• 2022

Cement-based matrixes have low tensile strength and negligible ductility. Adding fibres to these matrixes will improve their mechanical properties and make these composites suitable for structural applications. Post-cracking tensile strength of steel fibers-reinforced cementitious composite materials is directly related to the number of transverse fibers passing through the crack width and the pulling-out behavior of each of the fibers. Therefore, the exact recognition of the pullout behavior of single fibers is necessary to understand the uniaxial tensile and bending behavior of steel fiber-reinforced concrete. In this paper, an experimental study has been carried out on the pullout behavior of 3D (steel fibers with totally two hooks at both ends), 4D (steel fibers with a total of four hooks at both ends), and 5D (steel fibers with totally six hooks at both ends) in which the fibers have been located either perpendicular to the crack width or in an inclined manner. The pullout behavior of the mentioned steel fibers at an inclination angle of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 degrees and with embedded lengths of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 millimetres is studied in order to explore the simultaneous effect of the inclination angle of the fibers relative to the alongside loading and the embedded length of fibers on the pullout response in each case, including the maximal pullout force, the slip of the maximum point of pullout force, pullout energy, fiber rupture, and concrete matrix spalling. The results showed that the maximum pullout energy in 3D, 4D, and 5D steel fibers with different embedded lengths occurs at 0 to 30° inclination angles. In 5D fibers, maximum pullout energy occurs at a 30° angle with a 25 mm embedded length.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.69-83
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• 2019

This paper investigates the structural behavior of very high strength concrete encased steel composite columns via combined experimental and analytical study. The experimental programme examines stub composite columns under pure compression and eccentric compression. The experimental results show that the high strength encased concrete composite column exhibits brittle post peak behavior and low ductility but has acceptable compressive resistance. The high strength concrete encased composite column subjected to early spalling and initial flexural cracking due to its brittle nature that may degrade the stiffness and ultimate resistance. The analytical study compares the current code methods (ACI 318, Eurocode 4, AISC 360 and Chinese JGJ 138) in predicting the compressive resistance of the high strength concrete encased composite columns to verify the accuracy. The plastic design resistance may not be fully achieved. A database including the concrete encased composite column under concentered and eccentric compression is established to verify the predictions using the proposed elastic, elastoplastic and plastic methods. Image-oriented intelligent recognition tool-based fiber element method is programmed to predict the load resistances. It is found that the plastic method can give an accurate prediction of the load resistance for the encased composite column using normal strength concrete (20-60 MPa) while the elastoplastic method provides reasonably conservative predictions for the encased composite column using high strength concrete (60-120 MPa).

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 제20권1호
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• pp.1065-1068
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• 2008

해상교량은 바다에 노출되기 때문에 많은 경우 본래의 설계수명을 다하지 못하고 조기에 열화된다. 이러한 콘크리트 열화는 다공성인 콘크리트 내부에 염분이 침투함으로써 철근부식을 야기하고, 부식된 철근은 보통 $6{\sim}10$배까지 부피가 팽창하면서 콘크리트에 균열을 일으키고 결국 탈락(박리)으로 이어진다. 이와 같은 철근부식과 균열발생의 가속화는 구조물의 심각한 손상과 궁극적으로 붕괴까지 이어질 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 피해를 막기 위해서는 콘크리트 내 철근부식의 정확한 이해가 필요하며, 부식발생의 정량화에 의한 예측은 물론 적절한 방식법을 적용해야한다. 음극방식법은 비교적 최근에 개발된 철근콘크리트 구조물의 방식법 중 하나이며 요즈음도 해외 여러 나라에서 이에 대한 방식시스템 연구가 활발하다. 본 연구에서는 해상교량이나 항만부두 구조물의 상판부에 대한 예비실험 성격으로 슬랩 시험편(40cm ${\ast}$ 30cm ${\ast}$ 18cm)을 채택하였다. 시험환경은 15% 염분과 온도 $40^{\circ}C$의 가속화된 해양환경이었으며, 시험 기간 동안 주기적인 건습 반복을 실시하였다. 방식시험편은 음극방식 기술의 하나인 Zn-mesh에 의한 희생양극식을 채택하였다. 연구내용으로는 음극방식에 의한 방식성능을 관찰하였으며 신설구조물과 보수구조물에 대한 방식 효과를 비교하였다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회 제20권2호
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• pp.277-280
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• 2008

철근콘크리트구조는 적절한 시공 후 지속적인 유지관리가 이루어질 경우 우수한 내구성을 가졌다. 그러나 철근콘크리트 구조물은 항시 외부환경의 영향을 받고 있으며 이로 인하여 구조물의 성능저하 현상이 일어난다. 이러한 성능저하 현상중 콘크리트의 동결융해 작용은 콘크리트 내부의 수분이동결융해를 반복적으로 받아 균열이 발생하거나 표면부가 박리하여 표면부분부터 점차적으로 파괴되어 콘크리트 구조물의 내구성능이 저하되는 현상을 말한다. 성능저하 된 콘크리트구조물의 내구성회복을 위한 기술 개발에 대한 관심이 급격히 증가되고 있고 동결융해에 관한 연구가 이루어진다면 동결융해 따른 피해를 사전에 예방할 수 있고, 적절한 시공을 통해 경제적 효과를 얻을 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 동결융해 이전의 손상유무 및 동결융해 사이클을 변수로 하여 동결융해를 경험한 철근콘크리트 보의 거동특성을 평가하고자 하였고 이러한 연구결과를 근거로 향후 철근콘크리트 보의 내구성 및 동결융해에 의한 거동특성을 평가함에 있어 기초적인 자료를 마련하고자 하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제76권4호
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• pp.465-477
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• 2020

This paper presents an investigation on the dynamic behavior of SRC columns with built-in cross-shaped steels under impact load. Seven 1/2 scaled SRC specimens were subjected to low-speed impact by a gravity drop hammer test system. Three main parameters, including the lateral impact height, the axial compression ratios and the stirrup spacing, were considered in the response analysis of the specimens. The failure mode, deformation, the absorbed energy of columns, as well as impact loads are discussed. The results are mainly characterized by bending-shear failure, meanwhile specimens can maintain an acceptable integrity. More than 33% of the input impact energy is dissipated, which demonstrates its excellent impact resistance. As the impact height increases, the flexural cracks and shear cracks observed on the surface of specimens were denser and wider. The recorded time-history of impact force and mid-span displacement confirmed the three stages of relative movement between the hammer and the column. Additionally, the displacements had a notable delay compared to the rapid changes observed in the measured impact load. The deflection of the mid-span did not exceed 5.90mm while the impact load reached peak value. The impact resistance of the specimen can be improved by proper design for stirrup ratios and increasing the axial load. However, the cracking and spalling of the concrete cover at the impact point was obvious with the increasing in stiffness.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.239-248
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• 2019

In this study, the out-of-plane seismic resistance of lightly-reinforced existing walls strengthened with thick RC jacket was investigated. The thick RC jacket with a thickness of 500 mm was placed at one side of the thin existing wall with a thickness of 150 mm. At the interface between the wall and RC jacket, a tee-shaped steel section with a number of anchor bolts and dowel bars was used as the shear connector. To investigate the connection performance and strengthening effects, the cyclic loading tests of four jacketed wall specimens were performed. The tests showed that the flexural strength of the jacketed walls under out-of-plane loading was significantly increased. During the initial behavior, the tee shear connector transferred forces successfully at the interface without slip. However, as the cracking, spalling, and crushing of the concrete increased in the exiting walls, the connection performance at the interface was significantly degraded and, consequently, the strength of the jacketed walls was significantly decreased. The flexural strength of the jacketed walls with tee shear connector was estimated considering the full and partial composite actions of the tee shear connector.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2006

Steel, as a reinforcing mechanism in concrete, provides the tensile strength that is lacking in concrete, alone, and the high alkaline environment (pH 12.5) in concrete offers satisfactory protection against most corrosion of the steel. However, the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete can occur by chloride attack or carbonation, and it can cause a loss of integrity a section and concrete failure through cracking and spalling. In this study, a transient electro magnetic method (TEM) of a nondestructive technique is adapted to study the measuring method of steel corrosion in mortar. The sensor was made of an enameled wire, with a diameter of 0.25mm and anacril. He sensor configuration used was a coincident loop type. The secondary electro motive force (2nd EMF) was measured with SIROTEMIII, which equipped the accelerator. The accelerator allowsthe transmitter to turn off approximately $10\sim15$ times faster than normal. The high-resolution time series, used for very shallow or a high resistivity investigation was selected. After steels were corroded by the salt spray, during 4, 8, 15 and 25 days, they were embedded in mortar. The content results acquired in this study are as follows. The variation of the secondary electro motive force (2nd EMF) was shown by the change of steel surface with different corrosion time steel. It was confirmed that measurement of steel corrosion in mortar by a transient electro-magnetic method (TEM) can be possible.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.239-247
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• 2004

콘크리트는 내구성이 우수하고 경제적이기 때문에 강재와 더불어 건설재료로서 가장 많이 사용되어 왔다. 그러나 최근 들어 여러 연구결과와 현장점검 결과에 의하면 노출환경과 사용재료에 따라 내구성이 저하되어 실제 구조물에 심각한 문제를 일으키는 것으로 조사되고 있다. 우리나라는 삼면이 바다로 이루어져 있어 염해 피해 가능지역이 많을 뿐만 아니라 도시집중화에 따른 배기가스에 의한 중성화 현상이 심하게 발생하고 있다. 즉 염해와 중성화에 의한 철근부식이 발생할 가능성이 어느 나라 못지 않게 높다고 말할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 먼저 철근부식을 억제 또는 방지 가능한 물질에 대해 철근부식시험을 실시하여 방청효과를 검토하여, 그 결과를 바탕으로 콘크리트로의 침투성능 및 방청성능을 고려하여 도포형 철근부식억제제를 개발하였다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제13권6호통권58호
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• pp.126-134
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• 2009

일반적으로 철근콘크리트 건축물은 외부의 기후에 노출되어 있어 겨울에서 이른 봄까지 동결과 융해의 반복적인 작용에 영향을 받는다. 이러한 동결융해 작용은 콘크리트의 균열을 발생시키거나 콘크리트 표면의 박리를 일으켜 내구성 저하의 원인이 된다. 본 연구에서는 철근콘크리트 보의 동결융해 노출에 따른 휨 거동특성의 평가를 위해 주근비와 동결융해 사이클을 변수로 하였다. $-18{\sim}4^{\circ}C$의 온도범위에서 150 및 300 사이클의 동결융해에 노출시킨 실험체를 비롯하여 14개의 축소모형 실험체를 제작, 단조 및 반복하중 하에서 실험을 실시하였다. 실험결과를 통해 동결융해에 노출되어있는 철근콘크리트 보의 휨 거동특성을 평가하는데 기초적인 자료를 제시하고자 하였다.