• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.181-215
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• 2001

The thirty-fourth session of UNCITRAL Working Group on Arbitration was held in New York. Among the topics discussed at the session, many delegations agreed to reform the article 7 of the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration in light of the development of electronic commerce. As for the article 2(2) of the New York Convention, it was agreed to reflect the changes of the article 7 not in the form of a treaty amendment but in the form of an interpretative statement. The topic as to provisional measures has been found so difficult to reach an agreement that most of its texts submitted by the secretariat were left untouched for the lack of time. However, most provisions of the legislative texts on conciliation were dealt with by delegations. The next session is to be held in Vienna. While the Korean Arbitration Act of 1966 was fully amended in 1999, it seems interesting to look at the development in which the arbitration community of the world has already begun discussing the new dimension of the law and practice of international commercial arbitration. It may be considered early to start a new project of reforming the Korean Arbitration Act at this time when only three years passed after it was fully amended. It is, however, worthwhile to remember that some progressive efforts were aborted in amending the Arbitration Act of 1966. One of them is about the same issue on the insertion of some provisions on the enforcement of interim measures of protection to which the priority is given by the Working Group. It seems fair to say that it would not be dangerous to follow the developments and to adapt ourselves to such trends shown in the session. In Korea, the words “arbitration” and “conciliation” are misleadingly interchanged although these two words should be differentiated from each other in the sense of third-party binding decision. It is self-evident from the Korean Arbitration Act and judicial decisions that arbitral awards bind the disputing parties and are to be treated as final judgements by the competent courts. It is, however, not uncommon to find that the word “arbitration” is misinterpreted as having the same meaning of the word “conciliation”. One of the reasons for the confusion is that many legislations in Korea provide for conciliation as having the meaning of arbitration and vice versa. It may be probable that the proposed legislative texts on conciliation could be a kind of useful method to prevent such confusion from being uncontrollable. It is, therefore, necessary that the legislative texts should be introduced into Korea as a legislation on conciliation.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제34권
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• pp.161-195
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• 2006

언론보도로 인한 피해의 구제를 도모하기 위한 '언론중재법'이 제정 시행에 들어가고, 법원은 공적존재의 공적사안에 관한 언론보도의 면책범위를 확대하는 법리를 채택하고 있다. 법의 시행과 소송실무에서 가장 중요한 문제 중의 하나가 누가 언론보도의 피해자인가 하는 점인데 흔히 보도의 '개별적 연관성'으로 이해할 수 있다. 이는 당사자적격 여부를 판단하는 기준이 되는바, 이 논문에서는 당사자적격의 법리 변화와 이를 언론소송에 어떻게 적용할 수 있는가, 하는 점을 탐색하였다. 언론이 익명 모자이크 처리해서 보도한 경우, 집단 기관 단체에 대한 보도와 그 구성원간의 개별적 연관성, 혹은 그 반대의 경우, 그리고 정부기관의 당사자적격에 대한 법원의 판례를 검토한 바, 우리 법원은 언론보도로 인한 피해자의 특정, 즉, 개별적 연관성의 범위를 대체로 넓히고 있었다. 이러한 당사자적격의 확대가 법원의 공적존재의 공적사안 면책론 법리와 배치되는 것이라고 보기 어렵고 사인의 사적사안에 대한 언론보도의 익명원칙을 준수할 필요성이 언론에 요구된다. 물론 공적존재의 공적사안 면책론은 확대될 필요가 있고, 언론소송에서 언론이 패하지 않은 지름길은 보도의 공공성과 진실성 확보를 위해 최선을 다하는 길이라 여겨진다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.155-194
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• 2009

1997년 외환위기 이후 지난 10년 동안 살인, 강도, 강간, 방화 등 신체에 직접적인 위해를 가하는 흉악범죄가 두 배 가량 증가하였다. 본 논문은 외환위기 이후의 사회경제적 변화가 범죄발생을 증가시키는 방향으로 이루어졌음을 전제하면서, 정부의 범죄억지정책이 이러한 사회적 변화에 적절하게 대응하였는지를 검토하였다. 방범 및 검거, 양형, 교정 등 범죄억지정책을 구성하는 개별 영역들에 대한 분석은 자원투입이나 효과성 면에서 범죄억지를 위한 충분한 노력이 이루어지지 못했음을 보여준다. 외환위기 이후 악화된 치안환경을 복원하고, 최근 발생한 세계적 경제위기가 야기할 수 있는 추가적인 치안환경 악화를 예방하기 위해서는 범죄억지를 위해 보다 많은 자원투입과 정책의 효과성 증대를 위한 노력이 필요하다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.57-75
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• 2019

In investigating how set-off defenses matter in arbitration, one should take into account that it is not permitted against the parties' will for arbitrators to rule on the disputes that are not the subject of an arbitration agreement, unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties involved, because it is considered that the parties intend to solve only the disputes which are the subject of the agreement by arbitration. Also, one should keep in mind that the parties must settle the disputes that are the subject of an arbitration agreement by arbitration when they conclude the agreement, and it is not allowed against the parties' will to resolve the disputes in other ways. The parties may agree whether the respondent can request for arbitration on the counterclaim, which is his/her claim against the claimant, and whether the respondent can raise a plea for a set-off that his/her claim against the claimant is a counter obligation. Failing on such agreement, the respondent may submit a counterclaim when his/her claim and the claimant's claim are the subject of the same arbitration agreement. The arbitral tribunal may rule on the counter obligation when the arbitration agreement, which becomes the basis for the claimant' claim, has an effect on the counter obligation. Where the claimant fails to raise an objection even after he/she becomes aware that the respondent has requested for arbitration or has raised a plea for set-off by providing his/her claim which is not the subject of the arbitration agreement as a counterclaim or a counter obligation, the arbitral tribunal may rule on the respondent's claim against the claimant. On these occasions, the arbitral tribunal has to guarantee the parties an opportunity to defend themselves by pointing out those situations. It will meet the purposes of arbitration systems to rule out the jurisdiction of the courts when the plaintiff alleges the existence of the arbitration agreement, in case the respondent raises a plea for set-off based on his/her claim which is not the subject of the arbitration agreement in the litigation procedures. However, where the plaintiff fails to allege the existence and conducts pleading in the court with regard to the counter obligation, the court must not reject the respondent's set-off defense because of the existence of the agreement.

• 복식
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.29-44
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• 2013

This study is about the periodic characteristics of Wonsam in the Joseon Dynasty. Wonsam include the Danryeong-shaped Wonsam in the beginning, the compound Wonsam in a period of transition and the stereotyped Wonsam in the late Joseon Dynasty. The formative characteristics of Wonsam are divided into four stages. The first stage of the Wonsam is from the 15th to 16th century. The shape of Wonsam began to form and it was similar to one of Danryeong during this time. The formative characteristics of the first Wonsam included collars that looked like one of Danryeong, side pleats(called Moo) with multiple inner folds, straight cylinder-shaped sleeves, and a belt tied with the Wonsam. There were various fabrics that were used for the Wonsam from this stage. Second stage of the Wonsam is from the early 17th to mid 17th century. This period marked the beginning of the transition of the Wonsam and it served as a stepping-stone to the development stage in the Joseon Dynasty. The characteristics of the transitional Wonsam were a complex combination of the Danryeong and Wonsam. During this period, the Wonsam went through many changes and forms in a short period of time. Third stage of the Wonsam is from the mid 17th to early 19th century. The Wonsam was developed at this stage. The developed Wonsam went through a period of transition equipped with a stable form. The formative characteristics of Wonsam during this period included collars that faced each other, big and wide sleeves with multicolored stripes, Hansam, curve-edged side seam and the side pleats(Moo) with multiple inner folds had disappeared. It was a turning point from the single-layered clothes to double layered clothes and from dark blue to green color appeared at this time. The fabric patterns of this stage tended to consist of more simplified silk pattern. The fourth stage of the Wonsam is from the late 19th to 20th century. The Wonsam was expanded at this stage. The formative characteristics and fabrics were typically used for the standard Wonsam and were divided into two types; as a ceremonial robe used in courts and a wedding ceremonial robe for the common people. Phenomena such as sewing of double-layered clothes as one and straight-edged side seam during the late Joseon period developed into simpler and more practical fashion culture.

• 의료법학
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.219-263
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• 2011

"Wrongful conception" is a medical malpractice claim in which the plaintiff is the parent of a normal, healthy infant whose conception was unplanned and unwanted. Medical malpractice in wrongful conception can be the result of a failure to provide informed consent to a patient, failure to properly perform a surgery, or a physician's negligent handling of a patient's problems. In the concrete, wrongful conception cases fall into two categories; those involving pre-conception negligence, such as a failed contraceptive, sterilization or failing of the controlling of embryo-number on the IVF, and those involving post-conception negligence, such as a failure to diagnose a pregnancy or to perform an abortion procedure. In addition, Medical malpractice can be the result of a failure to provide informed consent to a patient. When bad results occur by medical malpractice or failure to provide informed consent to a patient, the range of recovery of damages is decided by a traditional civil liability law. However the calculation of damages for wrongful conception is not easy because the high value of life is included in that case. So many courts opinions in foreign country and Seoul High Court decision in 1996 allow damages for the pregnancy, birthing process and sterilization costs, but refuses to allow damages for child rearing expenses. As to the range of recovery of damages for wrongful conception, one approach says that to allow damages in a suit such as this would mean that the physician would have to pay for the fun, joy and affection which plaintiff will have in the rearing and educating of the plaintiff's baby. To allow such damages would be against the dignity of the baby based on article 10 of the Constitution. However another approach says that damages are recoverable for all expenses related to child birth as well as for child rearing costs. Because the damages that the parents should bear a burden to the tort damage done is not a baby itself but child rearing costs. In other words, although the baby is healthy or not, economic burden of the parents can not be disregard. And denial of compensation for costs of child rearing may invalidate the role of liability law, grant the physician with a exemption certificate of liability. As a result, the medical field of procreation can be easily isolated from a liability of reparation. Therefore, on the liability law like the other medical malpractice action, parents who became pregnant or gave a birth by physician, wrongfully performed sterilization operation, etc. should be compensated for all damages relevant to unplanned and unwanted conception or birth as well as costs of child rearing.

• 의료법학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.455-492
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• 2009

(Background) Recent biotechnological breakthroughs are shedding new lights on various ethical and legal issues about human biological material. Since Rudolph Virchow, a German pathologist, had founded the medical discipline of cellular pathology, issues centering around human biological materials began to draw attention. The issues involving human biological materials were revisited with more attention along with series concerns when the human genome map was finally completed. Recently, with researches on human genes and bioengineering reaping enormous commercial values in the form of material patent, such changes require a society to reassess the present and future status of human tissue within the legal system. This in turn gave rise to a heated debate over how to protect the rights of material donors: property rule vs. no property rule. (Debate and Cases) Property rule recognizes the donors' property rights on human biological materials. Thus, donors can claim real action if there were any bleach of informed consent or a donation contract. Donors can also claim damages to the responsible party when there is an infringement of property rights. Some even uphold the concept of material patents overtaking. From the viewpoint of no property rule, human biological materials are objects separated from donors. Thus, a recipient or a third party will be held liable if there were any infringement of donor's human rights. Human biological materials should not be commercially traded and a patent based on a human biological materials research does not belong to the donor of the tissues used during the course of research. In the US, two courts, Moore v. Regents of the University of California, and Greenberg v. Miami Children's Hospital Research Institute, Inc., have already decided that research participants retain no ownership of the biological specimens they contribute to medical research. Significantly, both Moore and Greenberg cases found that the researcher had parted with all ownership rights in the tissue samples when they donated them to the institutions, even though there was no provision in the informed consent forms stating either that the participants donated their tissue or waived their rights to ownership of the tissue. These rulings were led to huge controversy over property rights on human tissues. This research supports no property rule on the ground that it can protect the human dignity and prevent humans from objectification and commercialization. Human biological materials are already parted from human bodies and should be treated differently from the engineering and researches of those materials. Donors do not retain any ownership. (Suggestions) No property rule requires a legal breakthrough in the US in terms of donors' rights protection due to the absence of punitive damages provisions. The Donor rights issue on human biological material can be addressed through prospective legislation or tax policies, price control over patent products, and wider coverage of medical insurance. (Conclusions) Amid growing awareness over commercial values of human biological materials, no property rule should be adopted in order to protect human dignity but not without revamping legal provisions. The donors' rights issue in material patents requires prospective legislation based on current uncertainties. Also should be sought are solutions in the social context and all these discussions should be based on sound medical ethics of both medical staffs and researchers.

• 의료법학
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.47-82
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• 2019

남북 간의 교류와 협력은 그 과정에서 불가피하게 여러 가지 법적 분쟁을 야기할 수 있는데, 그 중에 하나가 인신사고로 인한 손해배상 문제이다. 이 글의 목적은 인신사고로 인한 손해액 산정에 관한 북한법의 내용을 살펴보고 이를 남한법과 비교함으로써, 남북한 주민 간의 손해배상사건에 있어서 분쟁해결의 기준을 제시하는 데 있다. 향후 남북간의 교류와 협력이 확대될 것으로 예상됨에 따라, 북한의 손해배상법에 대한 이해는 매우 중요하고 시급한 과제이다. 남한 민법에는 인신사고로 인한 손해액 산정과 관련한 구체적인 규정을 두고 있지 않기 때문에, 손해액 산정에 관한 구체적인 기준은 법원의 판례를 통해서 정해지게 된다. 남한의 법원은 인신사고로 인한 손해를 적극적 재산상 손해, 소극적 재산상 손해, 정신적 손해로 나누어서 각각의 손해액을 산정한다. 반면, 북한 손해보상법은 인신사고를 1) 건강을 침해한 경우(제41조), 2) 건강을 침해하여 장애를 남긴 경우(제42조), 3) 인신 침해로 사망에 이르게 한 경우(제44조)로 나누어서 그에 따른 손해의 항목을 구체적으로 규정하고, 손해액 산정에 관한 규정(제43조, 제51조)을 두고 있다. 또한, 남한에서는 신체사고에 대한 정신적 손해배상을 넓게 인정하고 있으나, 북한에서는 정신적 손해배상을 원칙적으로 인정하고 있지 않다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.430-443
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 해사대학의 학칙에 근거한 승선생활교육이 학생의 기본권을 제한하게 되는 경우, 그 제한이 헌법상 기본권 제한에 관한 일반원칙의 테두리 내에서 이루어지고 있는지 여부를 연구하고자 하였다. 해사대학은 헌법 제31조 제4항에 근거하여 자율적으로 학칙을 제정하여 학생을 규율하고 있다. 하지만, 학생의 기본권을 제한하기 위해서는 기본권 제한 3단계인 (1)법적 근거가 있어야 하며, (2)비례성원칙을 통과하고, (3)헌법 제37조 제2항에 따른 본질내용을 침해하지 않아야 한다. 이 논문에서 검토결과 첫째, 법적근거는 고등교육법과 국립학교설치령 및 학칙에 근거하고 있다. 둘째, 헌법의 비례성원칙을 위반한 것으로는 보이지 않으며, 셋째, 기본권제한의 한계인 본질내용의 침해가 없는 것을 확인하였다. 즉 해사대학생에 대한 승선생활교육이 헌법상 보장하고 있는 기본권 침해는 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 다만, 승선생활교육을 시행하는 과정에서 비례성원칙의 한계를 넘지 않도록 감독을 강화하고, 개별학생의 일탈이 발생하지 않도록 지도 감독을 철저히 해야 한다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.370-381
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• 2016

본 연구는 언론보도에 의한 초상권 침해 관련 판결의 추이와 승패 여부, 원인 등 초상권 침해를 둘러싼 언론소송 특성을 고찰하기 위한 것으로 최종심 판결이 처음 나오기 시작한 1990년부터 2014년까지 언론보도에 의한 초상권 침해 관련 판결 81건을 전부 수집해 판결문을 분석했다. 분석결과 언론을 상대로 제기된 초상권 침해 관련 소송의 최종심 재판 결과가 처음 나온 것은 1990년이다. 1990년대에는 주로 선정적 보도가 많았던 월간잡지를 대상으로 하는 초상권 분쟁이 많았으나 2000년대 들어서는 방송을 대상으로 한 초상권 침해분쟁이 크게 늘어났다. 2000년 이후에는 초상권 관련 언론소송의 71% 가량이 방송에 집중됐다. 방송의 영향력이 커진데다 영상을 필수로 하는 방송의 특성상 초상권 침해 소지가 높았기 때문이다. 특히 2005년 "언론중재법"이 시행된 후 초상권 관련 소송이 급격히 늘어난 것은 주목할 만한 현상이다. 초상권 관련 언론소송 81건 가운데 언론사가 승소한 사건은 23건으로 언론사 승소비율은 28. 4%에 그쳤다. 이는 법원이 언론매체의 특수성을 고려하기보다는 일반인의 초상권 보호를 우선으로 고려한 결과로 분석된다. 하지만 원고가 공인인 경우 언론사 승소율이 52. 9%에 달해 일반인 경우의 언론 승소율 22%보다 월등히 높아 언론사를 상대한 초상권 소송에서 공인이 일반인에 비해서 불리했던 것으로 나타났다. 이는 1997년 이후 활발하게 논의되기 시작한 공인 이론의 적용으로 공인에 대한 언론의 감시기능을 법원이 인정한 것으로 볼 수 있다.