• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.153-168
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• 2011

In medium and small firm, the management system which is simple and where there is a practicality is required Ill)re than the management system which is complicated and minute of the centered around large company so that the introduction of the standard costs can be activated and it can be usefully used as a tool of management decisions. A difference between the standard costs introduction plan proposed in this paper and the preexistance study literature are as follows. In this paper, by breaking from the whole cost accounting aiming at all item, that is the traditional introduction method, and presenting the product cost accounting method by group the standards setting object was minimized and simplified. In this way, if the standards setting object is simplified, it is quick at the perimeter environment change as the little man power and flexibly it corresponds to and the cost information calculation which is exact with the setting up and maintenance of the efficient cost standard becomes available. As a result of applying for real through S corp., the usability of the method that the standard costs introduction method proposed in this paper produced the standard costs relatively short within period, it manages was verified. And the standard costs introduction method proposed in this paper went by the various cost information for each products, the management class did the management will decision which was objective and reasonable in the putting first.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.253-260
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• 2022

Existing web-based cost databases have proved invaluable for construction cost estimating. These databases have been utilized to compute approximate cost estimates using assembly rates, unit rates, and etc. These web-based databases can be used independently with traditional cost estimation methods (manual methods) or used to support BIM-based cost estimating platforms. However, these databases are rigid, costly, and require a lot of manual inputs to reflect recent trends in prices or prices relative to a construction project's location. To address this gap, this study integrated deep learning techniques with web-based price analysis to develop a database that incorporates a project's location cost estimating standards and current cost trends in generating a cost estimate. The proposed method was tested in a case study project in Lagos, Nigeria. A cost estimate was successfully generated. Comparison of the experimental results with results using current industry standards showed that the proposed method achieved a 98.16% accuracy. The results showed that the proposed method was successful in generating approximate cost estimates irrespective of project's location.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.72-76
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• 2015

Capital project benchmarking requires an effective cost normalization process to compare cost performance of projects accomplished in different time and location. Existing cost normalization approaches have been established based on the assumption that all required information for cost normalization is fully identified once a project is completed. Cost normalization, however, is sometimes required to evaluate phase-level outcomes of an ongoing project where the required information is not fully available. This paper aims to provide a cost normalization procedure for phase-based performance assessment. The procedure consists of three normalization steps: currency conversion, location adjustment, and time adjustment considering various scenarios where the required information is not fully identified. This paper also presents how the cost normalization procedure has been applied to the 10-10 Performance Assessment Program, which is a phase-based performance assessment system developed by the Construction Industry Institute (CII). Both researchers and industrial professionals can apply the cost normalization procedure to studies and practices regarding to cost estimation, feasibility analysis, and performance assessment.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.3-10
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• 2012

The current enforcement regulation of "Construction Technology Management Act" prescribes calculation standard of environmental preservation cost in construction site. According to this standard, environmental preservation cost is calculated by using the quantity-per-unit costing method or applied fixed rate on direct cost. However, when calculated by using the quantity-per-unit costing method it is few items to put in the budget according to standard of construction estimate and in the case of using the fixed rate on direct cost it is not considering various characteristics of the construction site. Therefore, it is needed a improvement plan of estimating method and management system for environmental preservation cost. In this study, it surveyed the actual state of the environmental preservation cost according to magnitude of project, site location, anti-pollution facilities and etc. over 38 road projects. The research reported in this paper environmental preservation cost was variously distributed over construction sites. Thus it needs to estimating method and management system to consider characteristics of construction site for environmental preservation cost.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.170-181
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• 2008

Cost of construction project have to be estimated based on drawing before execution. Cost estimate and check would be performed numerously for preparing general outline of requirements and determining the budget at conceptual planning stage, for obtaining decision on every matter related to design, specification, construction and cost at design stage, and for predicting bidding cost. Thus, importance of cost estimation cannot emphasize too much in construction. However, there are lack of standard estimation method, process, and cost analysis method, that square foot estimation method is as used as eyer, in Korea. Thus, This research present the direction for improving cost estimation and management in construction; It is demanded that establishing standard data base methodology, multi-level database model CUBE, and standard cost planning process, choosing cost estimation methodology according to objectives and cost planning process, and making more experts.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.23-48
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to provide criteria which help executives to make decisions through the analysis of profitability of ultrasonography conducted in each medical department. In order to achieve such purpose, the study conducted break-even analyses on three medical departments of a university hospital in which has used ultrasonography was largely conducted in diagnosing diseases and performing surgeries. The research was carried out from January to June 2008. The data necessary for calculating cost, were collected using by computerized data. The results of the study were summarized as follows. 1. The Cost structure of each medical department: The Cost of ultrasonography was divided into direct cost and indirect cost through the categorization by cost object. Labor cost accounted for the largest portion of the direct cost with 69.3% in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, 67.4% in the department of radiology and 58.2% in the cardiac ultrasonography center, which followed by the depreciation cost of ultrasonography equipment. The calculation of the average material cost of each ultrasonographic test by medical test found that the cardiac ultrasonography center took first place with 2,355 won, followed by the department of obstetrics and gynecology with 266 won and the department of radiology with 233 won. As for the power cost of ultrasonography equipment, the department of radiology took fist place with 442,000 won. The power cost, however, did not affect much the cost price, because it accounted for only a small portion of the cost. As for indirect cost, the cardiac ultrasonography center ranked first with 7,156,000 won. Building depreciation cost accounted for the largest portion of the indirect cost. 2. Break-even analysis: Under the supposition that cost price can be divided into fixed cost and variable cost, a break-even analysis was conducted using the cost price confirmed through the cost structure of each medical department. As for the average customary charge of ultrasonography test conducted in each medical department, the department of obstetrics and gynecology charged 24,627 won, the department of radiology 53,179 won and the cardiac ultrasonography center 65,174 won. According to these results, the charges of ultrasonography test imposed by the department of radiology and the cardiac ultrasonography center wre enough to surpass break-even levels, but the charge imposed by the department of obstetrics and gynecology was not enough to offset the cost price. In conclusion, labor cost accounted for the largest proportion of cost price of ultrasonography test conducted in diagnosing diseases and performing surgeries in medical departments, followed by the fixed cost of ultrasonographic equipment depreciation cost. In medical department where the current charge of ultrasonography test turned out not to offset cost price through the break-even analysis of ultrasonographic equipment, ways to reduce fixed cost which accounts for the largest proportion of the cost price should be sought. Even medical departments whose current charge of ultrasonography test is enough to surpass break-even level are required to work for efficient management and cost reduction to continuously generate profits.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.175-179
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• 2001

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.23-39
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• 1989

There have been a lot of considerable. discussion and debate surrounding the management model in the health insurance management system and opinions regarding the management operating cost. It is a well known fact that there have always been dissenting opinions and debates surrounding the issue. The management operating cost varies according to the scale of the management organization and component members characteristics of the insurance carrier. Therefore, it is necessary to examine and compare the management operating cost to the simulated management models developed to cover those eligible for the health insurance scheme in this country. Since the management operating cost can vary according to the different models of management, four alternative management models have been established based on the critical evaluation of existing theories concerned, as well as on the basis of the survey results and simulation attempts. The first alternative model is the Unique Insurance Carrier Model(Ⅰ) ; desigened to cover all of the people with no classification of insurance qualifications and finances from the source of contribution of the insured, nationwide. The second is the Management Model of Large-scale District Insurance Carrier(Ⅱ) ; this means the Korean society would be divided into 21 large districts; each having its own insurance carrier that would cover the people in that particular district with no classification of insurance qualifications arid finances as in Model I. The third is the Management Model of Insurance Carrier Divided by Area and Classified with Occupation if Largescale (Ⅲ) ; to serve the self-employed in the 21 districts divided as in Model Ⅱ. It would serve the employees and their dependents by separate insurance carriers in large-scale similar to the area of the district-scale for the self-employed, so that the insurance qualifications and finances would be classified with each of the insurance carriers: The last is the Management Model of the Multi - insurance Carrier (Ⅳ) based on the Si. Gun. Gu area which will cover their own self- employed people in the area with more than 150 additional insurance carriers covering the employees and their dependents. The manpower necessary to provide services to all of the people according to the four models is calculated through simulation trials. It indicates that the Management Model of Large-scale District Insurance Carrier requires the most manpower among the four alternative models. The unit management operating costs per the insured individuals and covered persons are leveled with several intervals based on the insurance recipients. in their characteristics. The interval levels derived from the regression analysis reveal that the larger the scale of the insurance carriers is in the number of those insured and covered. the more the unit management operating cost decreases. significantly. Moreover. the result of the quadratic functional formula also shows the U-shape significantly. The management operating costs derived from the simulated calculation. on the basis of the average salary and related cost per staff- member of the Health Insurance Societies for Occupational Labours and Korean Medical Insurance Corporation for the Official Servants and Private School Teachers in 1987 fiscal year. show that the Model of Multi-insurance Carrier warrants the highest management operating cost. Meanwhile the least expensive management operating cost is the Management Model of Unique Insurance Carrier. Insurance Carrier Divided by Area and Classified with Occupation in Large-scale. and Large-scale District Insurance Carrier. in order. Therefore. it is feasible to select the Unique Insurance Carrier Model among the four alternatives from the viewpoint of the management operating cost and in the sense of the flexibility in promoting the productivity of manpower in the human services field. However. the choice of the management model for health insurance systems and its application should be examined further utilizing the operation research analysis for such areas as the administrative efficiency and factors related to computer cost etc.

• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.115-124
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• 2000

Activity-Based Costing(ABC) is an accounting cost system which allocates the overhead cost to each cost object more accurately. ABC system achieves improved accuracy in estimating the cost of cost object by using multiple cost drivers to trace the cost of activities to the cost objects associated with the resources consumed by those activities. The selection and the aggregation of these cost driver candidates can pose difficult problems. This paper deals with these problems in mathematical programming approach. The first model is formulated as an integer programming model in cost driver selection and the second model is formulated as multi-objective goal programming model in reduction of cost drivers already selected.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.460-463
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• 2008

This study tries to apply standard cost accounting model to evaluate the cost of workflow instances. Previous studies mainly focus on matching workflow activities into the elements of Activity based costing in order to assign cost drivers, but rarely examine how to evaluate their instance cost. In this study, we estimate unrealized standard cost from workflow model, and realized cost from accomplished instances. On running, workflow engine cumulates cost of finished activities and it enables to monitor the difference between the target cost and the actual cost dynamically at each step of workflow processes. We implemented a prototype which shows that the proposed work can evaluate effectively the cost of various workflow patterns.