• Korean Journal of Forensic Psychology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.35-51
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• 2021

People's belief in free will is important in determining the causes and responsibilities of human behavior. Over the past decades, there has been debate about belief in free will in the fields of neuroscience, philosophy, ethics, and criminal law. The Free Will and Determinism Scale (FAD-Plus; Paulhus & Carey, 2011) is a test tool that measures the components related to the belief in an individual's free will. This study conducted a confirmatory factor analysis of 1,000 ordinary people of various age groups and socio-economic backgrounds based on previous studies that conducted an exploratory factor analysis (Study 1). The author has secured the reliability and validity of a number of measures. Furthermore, it was examined how the sub-item of the FAD-Plus scale, 'belief in free will,' was related to correspondence bias and locus of control (Study 2). As a result of analyzing a total of 83 subjects, high belief in free will had a positive correlation with punishment judgment for negative behavior and internal attribution, but there was no significant relationship in reward judgment for positive behavior. Based on the study results, it was proven that the FAD-Plus is valid for the general public as well, and the relationship between belief in free will, attribution bias, locus of control and behavior judgment was examined. The limitations of this study, policy implications, and research directions are discussed.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.43.1-43.18
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• 2022

Atropa belladonna is a valuable medicinal plant and a commercial source of tropane alkaloids, which are frequently utilized in therapeutic practice. In this study, bioinformatic methodologies were used to examine the pattern of coding sequences and the factors that might influence codon usage bias in the chloroplast genome of Atropa belladonna and other nightshade genomes. The chloroplast engineering being a promising field in modern biotechnology, the characterization of chloroplast genome is very important. The results revealed that the chloroplast genomes of Nicotiana tabacum, Solanum lycopersicum, Capsicum frutescens, Datura stramonium, Lyciumbarbarum, Solanum melongena, and Solanum tuberosum exhibited comparable codon usage patterns. In these chloroplast genomes, we observed a weak codon usage bias. According to the correspondence analysis, the genesis of the codon use bias in these chloroplast genes might be explained by natural selection, directed mutational pressure, and other factors. GC12 and GC3S were shown to have no meaningful relationship. Further research revealed that natural selection primarily shaped the codon usage in A. belladonna and other nightshade genomes for translational efficiency. The sequencing properties of these chloroplast genomes were also investigated by investing the occurrences of palindromes and inverted repeats, which would be useful for future research on medicinal plants.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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• v.31A no.9
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• pp.146-155
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• 1994

In this paper, we desribe a new system, called BEST, that is used to develop a macromodel or behavioral model easily. It automatically calculates the component values of macromodel represented by equations to satisfy the given specification. Also, it gives the way to analyze both the behavioral model and transistor level circuit, and then compare the analysis results of them to check the correspondence under specific temperature and bias condition, and BEST optimizes the component values of macromodel. Other feature is to characterize MOSFET as switch model which consists of PWL-RC network. Finally, it is possible to generage multi-level netlist which consists of macro/switch/transistor level circuits, and user can determine the trade-off between simulation speed and accuracy. With the graphic user interface form of macromodel development system described above. BEST enable designers to make macromodel by themselves and to uas it. We applied BEST to develop the macromodel for the test circuit and got the 18.6 times simulation speed up with preserving the accuracy within 10% compared to the conventional transistor level circuit simulation. Also, applicability of optimization capability was verified.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.12 no.2 s.35
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• pp.105-109
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• 2005

A compact antenna switch module for GSM/DCS dual band applications based on multilayer low temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate is presented. Its size is $4.5{\times}3.2{\times}0.8 mm^3$ and insertion loss is lower than 1.0 dB at Rx mode and 1.2 dB at Tx mode. To verify the stability of the developed module to the process window, each block that is diplexer, LPF's and bias circuit is measured by probing method in the variation with the thickness of ceramic layer and the correlation between each block is quantified by calculating the VSWR In the mean while, two types of bias circuits -lumped and distributed - are compared. The measurement of each block and the calculation of VSWR give good information on the behavior of full module. The reaction of diplexer to the thickness is similar to those of LPF's and bias circuit, which means good relative matching and low value of VSWR, so total insertion loss is maintained in quite wide range of the thickness of ceramic layer at both band. And lumped type bias circuit has smaller insertion itself and better correspondence with other circuit than distributed stripline structure. Evaluated ceramic module adopting lumped type bias circuit has low insertion loss and wider stability region of thickness over than 6um and this can be suitable for the mass production. Stability characterization by probing method can be applied widely to the development of ceramic modules with embedded passives in them.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.39-57
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• 2021

Purpose - This research uses ocean marine insurance (OMI) statistics, international emails, focus-group interviews, and surveys to fill the gap between the theory of behavioral insurance, particularly status quo bias (SQB), and the practice of OMI in Korea. The contractual forms of OMI, the oldest and most globalized form of commercial insurance, were developed in the UK as the Institute Cargo Clauses in 1906 and revised in 1963, 1982, and 2009. SQB has been academically explored, mostly in health insurance and the financial services sector, but never in OMI. Thanks to the availability of OMI statistics in Korea, we can conduct SQB research here for the first time in this field. Design/methodology - We show the existence of SQB in the OMI of Korea through Korean statistics between 2009 and 2018, email correspondence with experts in the UK, Germany, and Japan, focus-group interviews with Korean OMI underwriters, an in-depth interview with one underwriter, and a survey of 15 OMI insureds (company representatives). Findings - We find that Korean foreign traders rely on the old-type OMI contracts developed in 1963, whereas other industrialized countries use the newest type of OMI contract developed in 2009. With a simple loss ratio analysis during 2009-2018, we show that the behavior of insurers has little to do with rational profit maximization and is instead driven by irrational bias, as they forgo the more profitable contracts provided by the new clauses by keeping the old clauses. The consistent addiction to old types of contracts in the OMI market suggests strong SQB among Korean exporters, importers, bankers, or insurers, which we confirmed in our interviews and survey. Originality/value - This research has significant originality and academic value because it reports new findings with crucial implications for the development of efficient trade practices and policy. First, this research is based on actual statistics that have not been used in previous Korean research on OMI. Second, this research shows that all-risk OMI policies provide more value to insureds, in terms of coverage given premium, than partial coverage policies, which differs from arguments previously made in Korea. Third, this research reveals strong SQB in Korea, where foreign trade plays a pivotal role in economic growth. That bias could be attributable to uninformed traders, informed but idle insurers, or conservative bankers. Fourth, to further develop foreign trade, policy initiatives are needed to review the current practices of OMI contracts and move forward with the new contract forms. All of these findings and arguments are both new and important.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2007

In this study, the relative synonymous codon and amino acid usage biases of the broad-host range phage, KVP40, were investigated in an attempt to understand the structure and function of its proteins/protein-coding genes, as well as the role of its tRNAs. Synonymous codons in KVP40 were determined to be AT-rich at the third codon positions, and their variations are dictated principally by both mutational bias and translational selection. Further analysis revealed that the RSCU of KVP40 is distinct from that of its Vibrio hosts, V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus. Interestingly, the expression of the putative highly expressed genes of KVP40 appear to be preferentially influenced by the abundant host tRNA species, whereas the tRNAs expressed by KVP40 may be required for the efficient synthesis of all its proteins in a diverse array of hosts. The data generated in this study also revealed that KVP40 proteins are rich in low molecular weight amino acid residues, and that these variations are influenced primarily by hydropathy, mean molecular weight, aromaticity, and cysteine content.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.257-269
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• 2017

The study has piloted to find the Pattern of species distribution along environmental variables and disturbance in Raghunandan Reserve Forest. Shaltila and Shahapur beat of Raghunandan Hill Reserve Forest are situated in Chunarughat sub-district of Habiganj district between $24^{\circ}5^{\prime}-24^{\circ}10^{\prime}N$ and $91^{\circ}25^{\prime}-91^{\circ}30^{\prime}E$ under the Sylhet Forest Division. The Environmental variable and vegetation data were collected from 30 sample plots from each forest beat by using arbitrary sampling without preconceived bias. 51 species were found from Shaltila and 34 species found in Shahapur forest beat. Thus the dataset continued with total 85 species in 60 samples. To determine the relationships between tree species distribution and environmental variables, Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) ordination method were performed separately for two forest beat. In CCA ordination, tree species showed significant variation along environmental gradients in terms of soil organic matter and disturbances (p<0.05) in the case of Shaltila forest. Potassium has a significant relationship with axis 1 and axis 2 in this forest. But Shahapur forest showed no significant relationship between species and environmental variables. Phosphorus has a significantly negative relationship with axis 2 in this forest. Disturbance played as a critical role of this forest thus influencing the distribution of species. The study showed that the distributions of tree species are strongly influenced by disturbance and organic matter in Shaltila and Shahapur forest beat showed no significant relationship between species and environmental variables. Future research should be included more environmental variables with larger study area that identify the most important environmental forces which will drive by species distribution findings in this forest.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.258-266
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• 2019

Objectives: In this study, blood lead was analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAs) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We tried to examine the difference and consistency of the analytical values and the applicability of the analytical method. Methods: We selected 57 people who agreed to participate in this study. After confirming the linearity of the calibration standard curves in GF-AAs and ICP-MS, the concentrations of lead in quality control material and samples were measured, and the degree of agreement was compared. Results: The detection limit of the ICP-MS was lower than that of GF-AAs. The coefficient of variation of reference materials was shown to be stable in the ICP-MS and GF-AAs. When the correspondence between the two equipments was verified by bias of the analysis values, a concordance was shown, and approximately 98% of the ideal reference lines were present within ${\pm}40%$ of the deflection. Conclusion: GF-AAs showed high sensitivity to single heavy metal analysis, but it took much time and showed higher detection limit than ICP-MS. Therefore, it would be considered necessary to switch to ICP-MS analysis method, considering that the level of lead exposure is gradually decreasing.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2015

An ad endorser's gaze direction is a salient nonverbal cue that consumers use in responding to advertisements. The gaze direction influences consumers' social perceptions (e.g., attractiveness, credibility) of the endorser and advertising effectiveness (e.g., advertising attitudes, brand attitudes). Especially, the cerebral emotional asymmetry hypothesis suggests that an ad endorser's left-averted gaze can produce more positive social perceptions and advertising effectiveness than the right-averted gaze for right-handed consumers. This study examined the effects of three gaze directions (direct, left-averted and right-averted gaze directions) of unknown female ad endorser on Korean males' advertising responses (attractiveness-, credibility- and ad-effectiveness-related responses), using online experimental method. The results indicated that the ad endorser's direct gaze was more likely to increase both positive (correspondence bias) and negative (suspicion, deceptiveness) social perceptions of her than the right-averted gaze. The direct gaze also created more positive advertising effectiveness (advertising attitudes) than the right-averted gaze. However, the study failed to find consistent differences in responses between left-averted gaze and either direct or right-averted gaze.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.491-501
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• 2018

Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare concentrations and the correspondence of human blood cadmium by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), which are representative methods of heavy metal analysis. Methods: We randomly selected 79 people who agreed to participate in the research project. After confirming the linearity of the calibration curves for GF-AAS and ICP-MS, the concentrations of cadmium in a quality control standard material and blood samples were measured, and the correlation and the degree of agreement were compared. Results: The detection limit of ICP-MS (IDL: $0.000{\mu}g/L$, MDL: $0.06{\mu}g/L$) was lower than that of GF-AAS (IDL: $0.085{\mu}g/L$, MDL: $0.327{\mu}g/L$). The coefficient of variation of the quality control standard material showed stable values for both ICP-MS (clinchek-1: 5.35%, clinchek-2: 6.22%) and GF-AAS (clinchek-1: 7.92%, clinchek-2: 5.22%). Recovery was relatively high for both ICP-MS (clinchek-1: 95.1%, clinchek-2: 92.8%) and GF-AAS (clinchek-1: 91.4%, clinchek-2: 98.8%), with more than 90%. The geometric mean, median, and percentile of blood samples were all similar. The agreement of the two instruments compared with the bias of the analytical values found that about 81% of the analytical values were within ${\pm}30%$ of the deviation from the ideal reference line (y=0). As a result of the agreement limit, the value included in the confidence interval was about 94%, which shows high agreement. Conclusion: In this study, we confirmed there was no significant difference in concentrations of a quality control standard material and blood samples. Since ICP-MS showed lower concentrations than GF-AAS at concentrations below the method detection limit of GF-AAS, it is expected that more precise results will be obtained by analyzing blood cadmium with ICP-MS.