• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.221-231
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the toilet training status (TTS) of Korean toddlers and their mothers' level of knowledge of toilet training (TT) and to identify the relationship between toddlers' TTS and mothers' level of knowledge of TT. Method: The participants in this study were 315 12-29 month old infants and their mothers recruited from outpatient clinics of hospitals and day care centers. T-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data. Results: TTS of Korean toddlers showed was more advanced compared with previous research samples except for independent hand washing after toileting and this improved with age. The mothers showed higher understanding of the importance of a positive experience and a different pace for each child in the appropriate period for toilet training but less appreciation of the readiness of child to initiate TT. There was a significant correlation between TTS and mothers' level of knowledge of TT. Conclusion: Using the above findings, health professionals who work with children and their families need to develop parent education programs on TT that will promote toddlers' physical and socio-emotional development.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.121-133
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• 2008

This study explored relationships among temperament, multiple intelligences and play characteristics of preschool children. Participants were 150 mothers of preschool children and 10 preschool teachers in Seoul. They responded to questionnaires; data were analyzed by correlation and multiple-regression major results showed there were positive correlations between emotionality sub-areas of children's temperament and play and between multiple intelligences and play as follows : (1) Cognitive play was predicted by linguistic intelligence and response of temperament, (2) Language play was predicted by interpersonal intelligence and physiology-regulation of temperament, (3) Social play was predicted by interpersonal intelligence and response of temperament, (4) Emotional play was predicted by logical-mathematical intelligence and emotions of temperament, and (5) Movement play was predicted by logical-mathematical intelligence.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.5-16
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of parenting stress on children's problematic behavior in multicultural families. The subjects were 143 mothers who are caring for their 3-6 year old children in multicultural families. Data was collected using a parenting stress index and a child behavior check list. The data were statistically analyzed using a t-test, a one-way ANOVA(Scheff'e test), a correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study showed that there were no significant differences in parenting stress according to the socio-demographic variables. However, there were some significant differences in children's problematic behavior according to the mother's education. Correlation analysis indicated that the mother's parenting stress and children's problematic behavior in multicultural families had significant positive correlations in all sub-variables. It was also found that the mother's education, the mother's stress caused by a difficult child, the mother's stress caused by dysfuntional interactions between parents and children and educational distress, were all significant predictors of the preschool children's problematic behavior in multicultural families.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.101-113
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• 2010

This study examined the relationship between maternal employment, maternal job characteristics, spousal support and parenting stress, using a sample of 502 mothers (207 employed and 295 nonemployed mothers) who had 1st and 2nd grade children. The participants completed a set of questionnaires. Data were analyzed by means of Pearson's correlation, simple regression analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Our results indicated that maternal employment was not significantly related to parenting stress. It was also found that employed mothers experienced less parenting stress when they perceived greater job satisfaction and higher spousal support. Lastly, spousal support moderated the impact of job satisfaction on employed mothers' parenting stress, indicating that the relationship between job satisfaction and parenting stress was stronger for the high spousal support group than for the low spousal support group.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.149-168
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the structural relationship between fathers' involvement in parenting, mother's parenting stress and smartphone addiction, and children's smartphone addiction. Methods: The subjects of this study were 327 children aged between 3 and 5 who were attending nurseries and kindergartens in Gyeonggido, Gangwondo, and Busan, South Korea, and their mothers, fathers, and teachers. The data collected from the subjects were analyzed based on correlation analysis and structural equation modeling. Results: First, the fathers' involvement in parenting had a direct effect on their children's smartphone addiction, and no direct effect on the mother's parenting stress and smartphone addiction. Second, the mother's parenting stress had a direct effect on the mother's smartphone addiction and direct and indirect effects on their children's smartphone addiction. Third, the mother's smartphone addiction had a direct effect on their children's smartphone addiction. Conclusion/Implications: The findings in this study suggest the fathers' involvement in parenting and the mother's parenting stress and smartphone addiction have effects on their children's smartphone addiction. Based on these results, the study proposed ways to prevent children's addiction to smartphones and provided suggestions for further research.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.420-431
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• 2019

This study examined the mediating effect of parenting stress on the influence of self-differentiation of mothers in multicultural families on their learned helplessness. The study determined the correlation between the following variables: self-differentiation, learned helplessness, and the parenting stress of mothers in multicultural families. The study was conducted on mothers who are raising children in multicultural families and 193 cases of supplementary data were finally analyzed. The data derived from the survey was analyzed using the SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 programs. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, the self-differentiation of mothers in multicultural families showed a negative effect on parenting stress and the mothers' learned helplessness, while parenting stress had a positive effect on the mothers' learned helplessness. Parenting stress was found to have a mediating effect on the relationship between the self-differentiation and the learned helplessness of mothers in multicultural families. This study suggests that the mothers of multicultural families may decrease parenting stresses and learned helplessness by increasing the level of self-differentiation in the context of cultural differences and adapting to new societies.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.215-238
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• 2013

This study examined the effects of mothers' rejective parenting, emotional expressivity, children's emotional regulation strategy on their social withdrawal. Participants were 223 children(121 boys, 102 girls; recruited from classes with 4-5 year olds), their mothers and 20 child care teachers. The teachers completed rating scales to measure the children's social withdrawal and emotional regulation strategies. Mothers reported their rejective parenting along with emotional expressivity. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's productive correlation coefficient, and hierarchical multiple regressions. Results showed that mothers' rejective parenting, children's venting/support seeking strategy and avoidance/non-responsive strategy had positive relation to, whereas mother's positive expressivity were negatively related to their social withdrawal. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that the interaction of mother's rejective parenting and positive expressivity predicted children's social withdrawal. Mother's rejective parenting was associated with children's social withdrawal, especially for children with the lowest level of mother's positive expressivity. In addition, the association between mother's rejective parenting and children's social withdrawal were partially mediated by their venting/support seeking strategy.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.71-89
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• 2007

The subjects in this study of parenting attitudes, children's behavior problems and attention ability were 111 5-year-old children and their parents. Data was analyzed by mean, frequency, percent, three-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation. Results showed that behavior problems and attention ability of children varied by the parenting attitude of mothers and fathers. Behavior problems of boys were higher than girls, and boys' attention abilities were lower than girls.' Interaction effects were found between parenting attitudes and gender in children's behavior problems and attention ability : fathers' autonomy correlated negatively with boys' behavior problems (r=-.47), task processing speed (r=-.37), and attention inconsistency (r=-.36). Children's behavioral problems correlated positively with attention inconsistency (r=.28).

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.387-400
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• 2021

This study examined the structural relationship between children's academic stress, grit, executive function difficulty, and media device addiction. Data on 1,132 children and their mothers from the 11^th (2018)Panel Study on Korean Children were used for the study. Data were collected by Academic Stress Scale, Grit Scale-Children, Child-Adolescent Self-reported Executive Function Difficulty Screening Questionnaire, and K-Internet Addiction Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 23.0 program with Pearson correlation, structural equation model and bootstrapping. The main results were as follows. 1) Children's academic stress had a negative influence on their grit. 2) Children's grit had a negative influence on their executive function difficulty and media device addiction. 3) Children's executive function difficulty had a positive influence on their media device addiction. 4) The relationship between children's academic stress and media device addiction was mediated by their grit and executive function difficulty. This study is significant in the sense that it found protective factors and risk factors for children's addiction to media devices. We suggest that children's grit be improved, and their academic stress and executive function difficulty be reduced to prevent and mediate children's media device addiction.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.1 s.44
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• pp.1-15
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• 1994

This study was attempted to explore the relationship between locus of control and the discomfort of the patients at the initial stage of the orthodontic treatment. Locus of control was measured by 'Locus of Control(LOC) scale for children' and 'Orthodontic Locus of Control(OLOC) scale for children'. The discomfort was measured by 'discomfort index card' in 52 children and adolescent patients who initiate orthodontic treatment. In addition, locus of control of the patients' mothers was measured by 'Orthodontic Locus of Control(OLU) scale for parents'. The results were as follows : 1. The test-retest reliability of 'Locus of Control(LOC) scale for children' and 'Orthodontic Locus of Control(OLOC) scale' was in the moderate to high range. 2. Out of 52 patients, 47 showed moderate to severe discomfort following placement of an initial archwire. The patients showed the most severe discomfort on the first day, and most of the discomfort was manifested within the first 3 days, then decreased until the 7th day. There was no significant difference in the discomfort according to sex and age. 3. The discomfort of the patients was the highest in the morning session when a day was divided into 4 sessions, i.e., morning, afternoon, evening, and night. 4. In the score of 'Locus of Control(LOC) scale for children' and 'Orthodontic Locus of Control(OLOC) scale for children', the group of internal locus of control expressed more discomfort than the group of external locus of control. And there was no significant correlation between locus of control of the patients and that of their mothers. 5. There was no significant difference in the score of locus of control according to sex and me. However, the score of boys tended to be lower than that of girls and the score of primary school students higher than that of middle and high school students.