• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1-25
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• 2022

This study was conducted for technology development and industrial and enterprise system design for the sustainable life of mankind. Human society is facing a crisis. As the power of mankind has increased due to the development of nuclear weapons and information and communication technologies, the risk of human society has greatly increased. The value of growth and freedom is increasing due to capitalism and democratic systems, so technological innovation is accelerating, and industries and companies are growing significantly. New technologies and industries can greatly develop human society and put it at risk. This study was conducted with the aim of redesigning technology, industry, and enterprise systems so that humans who live on Earth can be more sustainable for a longer time. It presented a practical alternative for a long-term sustainable human society. It suggested alternatives for what philosophy and methodology should be developed for the whole of humanity and in each individual national society, for developing technologies, fostering industries, and operating corporate systems. First of all, the problems of the technology development system, industrial system, and enterprise system of human society were analyzed. The characteristics and problems were analyzed in terms of sustainability of human society. The necessary and sufficient conditions for an alternative system to solve the raised problems were derived. A system that satisfies these conditions was designed and presented. The alternative system was named as a servicism system as a system based on the service philosophy. The structure, operation model, and implementation plan of the new technology industry enterprise system were presented. In the future, follow-up studies are needed to be concreted at the level of individual countries and human society as a whole.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.24-40
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• 2023

As the aversion to advertising grows, native advertising has gained significant attention as a means to counteract this rejection. Native advertising is designed to seamlessly blend with other content on the page where they are displayed. They mimic the overall design and presentation of the platform, providing a natural exposure to consumers. Many companies utilize native advertising, but there is not much academic research on this topic. Therefore this study aims to examine the effectiveness of native advertising for social issues. The study looked at two types of native advertising: ads created by a company and ads sponsored by a company. Results suggested that consumers showed more positive attitudes towards a company's ads if they were sponsored by the company rather than created by the company. This study argued that this effect would be more pronounced for consumers who tended to buy ethically. To verify these hypotheses an online experiment was conducted revealing that on average consumers displayed the same attitude toward a company whether the native advertising was created or sponsored by a company. However, it was also discovered that consumers with a tendency for ethical consumerism formed more positive attitudes toward companies when the company sponsored native advertising as opposed to having created it. In practice, this study suggests how companies can improve the effectiveness of native advertising, such as implementing native advertising as a sponsor and being transparent about their advertising to appeal to consumers with high ethical consumption tendencies. This study expands the scope of research in areas related to native adverting and corporate social responsibilities.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.179-188
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• 2022

This study discovers the general characteristics of B-class Emotional Advertisements and analyses their trend. A content analysis was conducted on 498 advertisements on-aired between 2015 and 2020, which were sampled from the advertisements registered in the TVCF(www.tvcf.co.kr), the largest advertisement web portal in the Republic of Korea. The analysis concludes that the B-class Emotional Advertisements, employed in a wide range of genre, is most incorporated in comedy/exaggeration genres and is on a rising trend due to 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the utilization of B-class emotional advertisement has also increased in domain of non-commercial advertisements, such as Public Service Advertisements, Governmental/Organizational Advertisements, and Corporate Public Relations (PR) Advertisements. The study validates the transformation of the B-class emotional advertisements from a demonstration of an eccentric minority subculture to an epitome of a new and adventurous mainstream culture, successfully serving a central role in both the commercial and non-commercial sectors. Depicting the caricatures of the social, cultural and economic phenomenon and the recent surge of individual's depression, fatigue and pessimism, B-class emotional advertisements provide sympathetic and emotional alleviating ground for people that contributed to its rise.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.21-32
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• 2017

Purpose - In hotel business, how to build the relationship between leader and employees is very important, because it affects on the customer satisfaction. Thus, this research examines the effect of authentic leadership on job performance in the context of hotel industry and identifies mediating roles of organizational engagement, job satisfaction, and creativity in the relationship between authentic leadership and job performance. This study suggests the guidelines for how hotel companies should improve employee productivity and build a desirable organizational culture by presenting employee attitudes and behavioral models that explain the relationship between leaders and employees. Research design, data, and methodology - This study examines the structural relationship between authentic leadership, organizational engagement, job satisfaction, creativity, and job performance from the employee's perspective. Authentic leadership divide into four sub-dimensions such as self-awareness, balanced process of informations, internalized moral perspective, and relational transparency. In order to test the purposes of this study, research model and hypotheses were developed. All constructs were measured with multiple items developed and tested in the previous studies. The data were collected from 114 franchise hotel employees and were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and Smart PLS 3.0. program. Result - The results of this study are as follows. First, authentic leadership have significant impacts on organizational engagement and creativity, but does not have impact on job satisfaction directly. Second, organizational engagement have significant impacts on job satisfaction and job performance, but does not have impact on creativity directly. Third, job satisfaction has significant impact on creativity, but does not have impact on job performance. Fourth, creativity has significant impact on job performance. Conclusions - The findings of this study indicate that hotel leaders should properly implement the authentic leadership and consider how to build a corporate culture to improve an organizational and employee productivity through authentic leadership. Due to the nature of the hotel industry, which relies heavily on human resources, hotel companies must manage their employees with authenticity in order to increase organizational engagement, job satisfaction, and creativity that affect hotel and employee productivity. If hotel employees perceive their leader's authentic leadership, they show more organizational engagement that increases creativity and leads to job performance. Finally, hotel employees can propose creative ideas only if they will be satisfied with their jobs. Therefore, the leader should develop non-monetary or monetary reward system for the employees and, make an efforts to foster creativity of the employees.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to provide a practical guide for establishing BSC that can be practically applied by SMEs. To this end, a case study was conducted to establish a performance evaluation system through a field-required Balanced Scorecard (BSC) for company J, a tent pole manufacturer, and to provide a management strategy system map. As a survey method, the requirements of the ordering organization were organized through a comparison of the BSC-related proposal requests in the first stage. The BSC establishment method was organized through the arrangement of the second stage result report. The 3rd stage BSC derived KPI indicators for SMEs for each of the 4 perspectives. A corporate vision was derived through a 4-step SWOT analysis. A strategy map was developed through 5-step field-required KPI, weight setting, and BSC. The 6-step final strategy system was also drawn up. As a result of the study, the four perspectives of the BSC were reconstructed by department. That is, the financial (financial) perspective is from the executives' perspective, the customer's perspective is from the sales department's perspective, the internal process perspective is from the design department/production quality department's perspective, and the learning/innovation perspective is from the management department's perspective. In addition, a total of 11 CSFs and a total of 49 KPIs of J company were derived. The limitation of the study is that the final strategy system through the company's BSC has only been carried out, and it needs to be linked with the company's compensation system in the future.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.25
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• pp.103-118
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• 2016

Due to the rapid development of ICT, corporate business models quickly changed and because of the radical growth of IT technology, sequential or gradual survival has become difficult. Internet-based new businesses such as IT service companies are seeking for new convergence business models that have not existed before to create business models that are more competitive, but the economic efficiency of business models that were successful in the past is wearing off. Yet, as reaching the critical point where the platform value becomes extremely high for platforms via the Internet is happening at a much higher speed than before, platform-ization has become a very important condition for rapid business expansion for all kinds of businesses. This study analyzes the necessity of establishing platform business models in IT service planning and identifies their characteristics through case analyses of platform business models. The results derived features First, there is a need to ensure sufficient buyers and sellers, and second, platform business model should provide customers with distinctive value of the only platforms are generating. third, the common interests between platform-driven company and a partner, participants Should be existing. Fourthly, by expanding base of participants and upgrades, expansion of adjacent areas we must have a continuous scalability and evolution must be sustainable. While it is expected that the identified characteristics will cause tremendous impacts to the establishment of platform business models and to the graphing of service planning, we also look forward to this study serving as the starting point for the establishment of theories of profit models for platform businesses, which were not mentioned in the study, so that planners responsible for platform-based IT service planning will spend less time and draw bigger schemes in building planning drafts.

• Korean small business review
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.85-102
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• 2009

With the continued globalization of world markets, transfer pricing has become one of the dominant sources of controversy in international taxation. Transfer pricing is the process by which a multinational corporation calculates a price for goods and services that are transferred to affiliated entities. Consider a Korean electronic enterprise that buys supplies from its own subsidiary located in China. How much the Korean parent company pays its subsidiary will determine how much profit the Chinese unit reports in local taxes. If the parent company pays above normal market prices, it may appear to have a poor profit, even if the group as a whole shows a respectable profit margin. In this way, transfer prices impact the taxable income reported in each country in which the multinational enterprise operates. It's importance lies in that around 60% of international trade involves transactions between two related parts of multinationals, according to the OECD. Multinational enterprises (hereafter MEs) exert much effort into utilizing organizational advantages to make global investments. MEs wish to minimize their tax burden. So MEs spend a fortune on economists and accountants to justify transfer prices that suit their tax needs. On the contrary, local governments are not prepared to cope with MEs' powerful financial instruments. Tax authorities in each country wish to ensure that the tax base of any ME is divided fairly. Thus, both tax authorities and MEs have a vested interest in the way in which a transfer price is determined, and this is why MEs' international transfer prices are at the center of disputes concerned with taxation. Transfer pricing issues and practices are sometimes difficult to control for regulators because the tax administration does not have enough staffs with the knowledge and resources necessary to understand them. The authors examine transfer pricing practices to provide relevant resources useful in designing tax incentives and regulation schemes for policy makers. This study focuses on identifying the relevant business and environmental factors that could influence the international transfer pricing of MEs. In this perspective, we empirically investigate how the management perception of related variables influences their choice of international transfer pricing methods. We believe that this research is particularly useful in the design of tax policy. Because it can concentrate on a few selected factors in consideration of the limited budget of the tax administration with assistance of this research. Data is composed of questionnaire responses from foreign firms in Korea with investment balances exceeding one million dollars in the end of 2004. We mailed questionnaires to 861 managers in charge of the accounting departments of each company, resulting in 121 valid responses. Seventy six percent of the sample firms are classified as small and medium sized enterprises with assets below 100 billion Korean won. Reviewing transfer pricing methods, cost-based transfer pricing is most popular showing that 60 firms have adopted it. The market-based method is used by 31 firms, and 13 firms have reported the resale-pricing method. Regarding the nationalities of foreign investors, the Japanese and the Americans constitute most of the sample. Logistic regressions have been performed for statistical analysis. The dependent variable is binary in that whether the method of international transfer pricing is a market-based method or a cost-based method. This type of binary classification is founded on the belief that the market-based method is evaluated as the relatively objective way of pricing compared with the cost-based methods. Cost-based pricing is assumed to give mangers flexibility in transfer pricing decisions. Therefore, local regulatory agencies are thought to prefer market-based pricing over cost-based pricing. Independent variables are composed of eight factors such as corporate tax rate, tariffs, relations with local tax authorities, tax audit, equity ratios of local investors, volume of internal trade, sales volume, and product life cycle. The first four variables are included in the model because taxation lies in the center of transfer pricing disputes. So identifying the impact of these variables in Korean business environments is much needed. Equity ratio is included to represent the interest of local partners. Volume of internal trade was sometimes employed in previous research to check the pricing behavior of managers, so we have followed these footsteps in this paper. Product life cycle is used as a surrogate of competition in local markets. Control variables are firm size and nationality of foreign investors. Firm size is controlled using dummy variables in that whether or not the specific firm is small and medium sized. This is because some researchers report that big firms show different behaviors compared with small and medium sized firms in transfer pricing. The other control variable is also expressed in dummy variable showing if the entrepreneur is the American or not. That's because some prior studies conclude that the American management style is different in that they limit branch manger's freedom of decision. Reviewing the statistical results, we have found that managers prefer the cost-based method over the market-based method as the importance of corporate taxes and tariffs increase. This result means that managers need flexibility to lessen the tax burden when they feel taxes are important. They also prefer the cost-based method as the product life cycle matures, which means that they support subsidiaries in local market competition using cost-based transfer pricing. On the contrary, as the relationship with local tax authorities becomes more important, managers prefer the market-based method. That is because market-based pricing is a better way to maintain good relations with the tax officials. Other variables like tax audit, volume of internal transactions, sales volume, and local equity ratio have shown only insignificant influence. Additionally, we have replaced two tax variables(corporate taxes and tariffs) with the data showing top marginal tax rate and mean tariff rates of each country, and have performed another regression to find if we could get different results compared with the former one. As a consequence, we have found something different on the part of mean tariffs, that shows only an insignificant influence on the dependent variable. We guess that each company in the sample pays tariffs with a specific rate applied only for one's own company, which could be located far from mean tariff rates. Therefore we have concluded we need a more detailed data that shows the tariffs of each company if we want to check the role of this variable. Considering that the present paper has heavily relied on questionnaires, an effort to build a reliable data base is needed for enhancing the research reliability.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.61-75
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• 2011

A Geographic Information System(GIS) is a system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages and presents data with reference to geographic location data. In the later 1990s and earlier 2000s it was limitedly used in government sectors such as public utility management, urban planning, landscape architecture, and environmental contamination control. However, a growing number of open-source packages running on a range of operating systems enabled many private enterprises to explore the concept of viewing GIS-based sales and customer data over their own computer monitors. K telecommunication company has dominated the Korean telecommunication market by providing diverse services, such as high-speed internet, PSTN(Public Switched Telephone Network), VOLP (Voice Over Internet Protocol), and IPTV(Internet Protocol Television). Even though the telecommunication market in Korea is huge, the competition between major services providers is growing more fierce than ever before. Service providers struggled to acquire as many new customers as possible, attempted to cross sell more products to their regular customers, and made more efforts on retaining the best customers by offering unprecedented benefits. Most service providers including K telecommunication company tried to adopt the concept of customer relationship management(CRM), and analyze customer's demographic and transactional data statistically in order to understand their customer's behavior. However, managing customer information has still remained at the basic level, and the quality and the quantity of customer data were not enough not only to understand the customers but also to design a strategy for marketing and sales. For example, the currently used 3,074 legal regional divisions, which are originally defined by the government, were too broad to calculate sub-regional customer's service subscription and cancellation ratio. Additional external data such as house size, house price, and household demographics are also needed to measure sales potential. Furthermore, making tables and reports were time consuming and they were insufficient to make a clear judgment about the market situation. In 2009, this company needed a dramatic shift in the way marketing and sales activities, and finally developed a dedicated GIS_based market analysis and sales management system. This system made huge improvement in the efficiency with which the company was able to manage and organize all customer and sales related information, and access to those information easily and visually. After the GIS information system was developed, and applied to marketing and sales activities at the corporate level, the company was reported to increase sales and market share substantially. This was due to the fact that by analyzing past market and sales initiatives, creating sales potential, and targeting key markets, the system could make suggestions and enable the company to focus its resources on the demographics most likely to respond to the promotion. This paper reviews subjective and unclear marketing and sales activities that K telecommunication company operated, and introduces the whole process of developing the GIS information system. The process consists of the following 5 modules : (1) Customer profile cleansing and standardization, (2) Internal/External DB enrichment, (3) Segmentation of 3,074 legal regions into 46,590 sub_regions called blocks, (4) GIS data mart design, and (5) GIS system construction. The objective of this case study is to emphasize the need of GIS system and how it works in the private enterprises by reviewing the development process of the K company's market analysis and sales management system. We hope that this paper suggest valuable guideline to companies that consider introducing or constructing a GIS information system.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.3
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• pp.287-316
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• 1999

Cyberspace permits us to more beyond traditional face-to-face, mail and telephone surveys, yet still to examine basic issues regarding the quality of data collection: sampling, questionnaire design, survey distribution, means of response, and database creation. This article address each of these issues by contrasting and comparing traditional survey methods(Paper-and-Pencil) with Internet or Personal Computer networks-mediated (Screen-and-Keyboard) survey methods also introduces researchers to this revolutionary and innovative tool and outlines a variety of practical methods for using the Internet or Personal Computer Networks. The revolution in telecommunications technology has fostered the rapid growth of the Internet all over the world. The Internet is a massive global network and comprising many national and international networks of interconnected computers. The Internet or Personal Computer Networks could be the comprehensive interactive tool that will facilitate the development of the skills. The Internet or Personal Computer Networks provides a virtual frontier to expand our access to information and to increase our knowledge and understanding of public opinion, political behavior, social trends and lifestyles through survey research. Comparable to other technological advancements, the Internet or Personal Computer Networks presents opportunities that will impact significantly on the process and quality of survey research now and in the twenty-first century. There are trade-offs between traditional and the Internet or Personal Computer Networks survey. The Internet or Personal Computer Networks is an important channel for obtaining information for target participants. The cost savings in time, efforts, and material were substantial. The use of the Internet or Personal Computer Networks survey tool will increase the quality of research environment. There are several limitations to the Internet or Personal Computer Network survey approach. It requires the researcher to be familiar with Internet navigation and E-mail, it is essential for this process. The use of Listserv and Newsgroup result in a biased sample of the population of corporate trainers. However, it is this group that participates in technology and is in the fore front of shaping the new organizations of interest, and therefore it consists of appropriate participants. If this survey method becomes popular and is too frequently used, potential respondents may become as annoyed with E-mail as the sometimes are with mail survey and junk mail. Being a member of the Listserv of Newsgroup may moderate that reaction. There is a need to determine efficient, effective ways for the researcher to strip identifiers from E-mail, so that respondents remain anonymous, while simultaneously blocking a respondent from responding to a particular survey instrument more than once. The optimum process would be on that is initiated by the researcher : simple, fast and inexpensive to administer and has credibility with respondents. This would protect the legitimacy of the sample and anonymity. Creating attractive Internet or Personal Computer Networks survey formats that build on the strengths of standardized structures but also capitalize on the dynamic and interactive capability of the medium. Without such innovations in survey design, it is difficult to imagine why potential survey respondents would use their time to answer questions. More must be done to create diverse and exciting ways of building an credibility between respondents and researchers on the Internet or Personal Computer Networks. We believe that the future of much exciting research is based in the Electronic survey research. The ability to communicate across distance, time, and national boundaries offers great possibilities for studying the ways in which technology and technological discourse are shaped. used, and disseminated ; the many recent doctoral dissertations that treat some aspect of electronic survey research testify to the increase focus on the Internet or Personal Computer Networks. Thus, scholars should begin a serious conversation about the methodological issues of conducting research In cyberspace. Of all the disciplines, Internet or Personal Computer Networks, emphasis on the relationship between technology and human communication, should take the lead in considering research in the cyberspace.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.121-148
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• 2018

This paper examines the role of accounting conservatism on investment expenditure for non-financial Korean listed firms around the 2007-2008 global financial crisis using a differences-in-differences design. Specifically, this paper examines the association between an ex ante classification of firms by their level of accounting conservatism prior to the credit crisis and the ex post magnitude of the decline in investment. Consistent with prior literature, this study found that firms experienced a decline in their investment when hit by the financial crisis (Campello et al. 2010). And also this study found that firms with more conservative financial reporting experienced a smaller decline in investment activity following the financial crisis than did firms with less conservative financial reporting. Together, the results suggest that negative shocks to the supply of external finance hampers firm-level investment and that conservative financial reporting can lessen the sensitivity of firms' investment to such negative shocks. Next, this study shows that the magnitude of our findings is greater for firms more likely to suffer from underinvestment (as opposed to overinvestment). Firms that are financially constrained or have greater demand for external finance are more likely to experience underinvestment. Consistent with the predictions, this study finds stronger benefits of conservatism for firms that face relatively greater costs in raising external capital (i.e., financially constrained firms) or that have a relatively greater need to do so (i.e., firms that lack internal financial resources). This study also finds that the role for conservatism is greater in firms with a higher level of information asymmetry, consistent with the notion that conservatism mitigates financing frictions arising from information problems.