• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.359-370
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify effects of the variables of Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) Model on physical activity. Methods: This study has conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Sixteen articles were searched through electronic databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of science, Science Direct, RISS, KMBASE, KoreaMed, KISS, DBpia) and additional journals from 2000 to July, 2017. To estimate the effect size (ES), the meta-analysis of the studies was performed by using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis programs. Results: The overall effect size of the variables of HAPA on physical activity was median (ES=.28). Of the core variables of HAPA model, action control (ES=.43) showed the largest effect size, followed by coping self-efficacy (ES=.31) and planning (ES=.31).Additional variables were identified as preparatory behavior (ES=.39) and past physical activity (ES=.24). Through the moderator effect analysis, the effect size was higher in the volitional phase than in the motivational phase, and higher in the healthy group than in the patient group. The higher the proportion of males and the lower the age, the larger the effect size. Conclusion: This finding shows empirical evidence that all core variables of the HAPA model are useful for predicting physical activity. We propose the use of the HAPA model to develop physical activity promotion intervention.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.334-342
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• 2016

This study performed an appreciative inquiry into models of instruction for the community learning. For this purpose, this study examined the principle of learning, instruction models for community learning, and appreciative inquiry. Next, draft appreciative inquiry models were built based on the principle of instruction models for the community learning. The previously designed appreciative inquiry models were revised and complemented through expert investigation by a focus group interview. This paper proposes a process of seven steps core learning activities. The seven steps were selecting a theme, interviewing for finding success story, analyzing an organization's success stories and deriving the core values, deriving future of the organization, sharing future of the organization, designing the ideal future of the organization consist of a practice, implement, and reflect. Because the proposed seven steps process is based on the literature and focus group interview, a follow-up study will be needed to verify the result.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.151-156
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• 2014

PURPOSE. To investigate the microtensile bond strength between two all-ceramic systems; lithium disilicate glass ceramic and zirconia core ceramics bonded with their corresponding glass veneers. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Blocks of core ceramics (IPS e.max$^{(R)}$ Press and Lava$^{TM}$ Frame) were fabricated and veneered with their corresponding glass veneers. The bilayered blocks were cut into microbars; 8 mm in length and $1mm^2$ in cross-sectional area (n = 30/group). Additionally, monolithic microbars of these two veneers (IPS e.max$^{(R)}$ Ceram and LavaTM Ceram; n = 30/group) were also prepared. The obtained microbars were tested in tension until fracture, and the fracture surfaces of the microbars were examined with fluorescent black light and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to identify the mode of failure. One-way ANOVA and the Dunnett's T3 test were performed to determine significant differences of the mean microtensile bond strength at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS. The mean microtensile bond strength of IPS e.max$^{(R)}$ Press/IPS e.max$^{(R)}$ Ceram ($43.40{\pm}5.51$ MPa) was significantly greater than that of Lava$^{TM}$ Frame/Lava$^{TM}$ Ceram ($31.71{\pm}7.03$ MPa)(P<.001). Fluorescent black light and SEM analysis showed that most of the tested microbars failed cohesively in the veneer layer. Furthermore, the bond strength of Lava$^{TM}$ Frame/Lava$^{TM}$ Ceram was comparable to the tensile strength of monolithic glass veneer of Lava$^{TM}$ Ceram, while the bond strength of bilayered IPS e.max$^{(R)}$ Press/IPS e.max$^{(R)}$ Ceram was significantly greater than tensile strength of monolithic IPS e.max$^{(R)}$ Ceram. CONCLUSION. Because fracture site occurred mostly in the glass veneer and most failures were away from the interfacial zone, microtensile bond test may not be a suitable test for bonding integrity. Fracture mechanics approach such as fracture toughness of the interface may be more appropriate to represent the bonding quality between two materials.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1352-1359
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• 2018

Lactobacillus plantarum is a lactic acid bacterium that promotes animal intestinal health as a probiotic and is found in a wide variety of habitats. Here, we investigated the genomic features of different clusters of L. plantarum strains via pan-genomic analysis. We compared the genomes of 108 L. plantarum strains that were available from the NCBI GenBank database. These genomes were 2.9-3.7 Mbp in size and 44-45% in G+C content. A total of 8,847 orthologs were collected, and 1,709 genes were identified to be shared as core genes by all the strains analyzed. On the basis of SNPs from the core genes, 108 strains were clustered into five major groups (G1-G5) that are different from previous reports and are not clearly associated with habitats. Analysis of group-specific enriched or depleted genes revealed that G1 and G2 were rich in genes for carbohydrate utilization (${\text\tiny{L}}-arabinose$, ${\text\tiny{L}}-rhamnose$, and fructooligosaccharides) and that G3, G4, and G5 possessed more genes for the restriction-modification system and MazEF toxin-antitoxin. These results indicate that there are critical differences in gene content and survival strategies among genetically clustered L. plantarum strains, regardless of habitats.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.3767-3771
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• 2012

In this study, we investigate the potential use of $TiO_2@SiO_2$ and $ZnO@SiO_2$ core/shell nanoparticles (NPs) as effective UV shielding agent. In the typical synthesis, $SiO_2$ was coated over different types of $TiO_2$ (anatase and rutile) and ZnO by sol-gel method. The synthesized $TiO_2@SiO_2$ and $ZnO@SiO_2$ NPs were characterized by UV-Vis, XRD, SEM and TEM. The UV-vis absorbance and transmittance spectra of core@shell NPs showed an efficient blocking effect in the UV region and more than 90% transmittance in the visible region. XRD and SAED studies confirmed the formation of amorphous $SiO_2$ coated over the $TiO_2$ and ZnO NPs. The FESEM and TEM images shows that coating of $SiO_2$ over the surface of anatase, rutile $TiO_2$ and ZnO NPs resulted in the increase in particle size by ~30 nm. In order to study the UV light shielding capability of the samples, photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye on $TiO_2@SiO_2$ and $ZnO@SiO_2$ NPs was performed. Photocatalytic activity for both types of $TiO_2$ NPs was partially suppressed. In comparison, the photocatalytic activity of ZnO almost vanished after the $SiO_2$ coating.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.21-28
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• 2013

Purpose: General hospital in korea is getting large-scaled, specialized and upgraded. So, nursing unit of race track type has been advanced along with a spatial organization, building equipment and environmental approach. This study is to search the guidelines for renovation of nursing unit with race track type in the case of K university hospital in Daejeon. Methods: 9 cases of recently opened general hospital has been analyzed for spatial and environmental design solution. Questionnaires and interviews about user needs of nursing staff, patient and visitors, have been conducted for a nursing care system and facility of nursing units in K university hospital. Results: The user needs are represented as followings. Center core public zone in each floor plan and center core nursing station and supporting areas in nursing unit are good for an adjacency and separation of spatial organization. Toilet of group patient room is necessary to equip for easy, safe and infective aspects, and so toilet install will decrease the patient number and increase the nursing care service. Hall type of station front is good for visibility and observation. It is appropriate to renovate into south facing group patient room for privacy, enough space for nursing care facility and supporting area, enough width of door to move portable medical equipment, room for medical doctor and practical student, noise absorbing of day room. Implications: Upgrading the nursing care service and facility equipment is necessary to reflect the user needs and cooperate with hospital management.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.348-351
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• 2016

Recently on IoT environment, there is necessary of protected network, which is only specific user can access it. Applying OAuth protocol on IoT, it can be easier to construct network authentication system, but it is hard to construct protected network authentication system. And there is weakness of OAuth protocol, which is easily attacked by sniffing Token by attacker. So, it is necessary to secondary authentication for OAuth. In ultimate IoT, the fog computing is essential. Fog computing is extension of cloud that enables networking not only in core system but also in edge system and communication node to node. Strength of fog computing is location awareness, support for mobility, and so on. If authentication in fog computing uses this strength, it can be more specialized in Fog Computing. So, in secondary Authentication, using Cyber-Physical-Social System will increase convenience of user than using existing authentication system, such as authentication certificate, id/password and group key, which is inconvenient for user. This study is about authentication based Cyber-Physical-Social System.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.162-173
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was done to identify learning experiences and self-confidence and to analyze nursing students' self-confidence according to learning experiences for core nursing skills (CNS). Method: Participants were 502 final year nursing students. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test. Results: Over 60% of participants had practiced 15 items of the 24 CNS in the basic nursing lab (BNL). In clinical practice (CP), they had practiced five items but experienced only one item in a simulation lab (SL). Items with the highest confidence level were vital signs (4.69) followed by blood sugar test (4.60), pulse oximeter (4.38), and oral medication (4.12). Items with the lowest confidence level were blood transfusion (2.17) followed by enema (2.64) and indwelling catheterization (2.67). The group with CNS experience in the practice curriculum was generally more confident than the group with no experience. Self-confidences in some skills was significantly different depending on availability of SL, credits for BNL and CP, and presence of preceptors. Conclusion: Results indicate a need to develop practice education strategies such as changing the CP to practice-centered learning with preceptors and including well-designed SL to increase confidence of nursing students.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2013

PURPOSE. One of the most important factors in evaluating the quality of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) is their gap. The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal and internal gap of two different metal-ceramic crowns, casting and selective laser sintering (SLS), before and after porcelain firing. Furthermore, this study evaluated whether metal-ceramic crowns made using the SLS have the same clinical acceptability as crowns made by the traditional casting. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The 10 study models were produced using stone. The 20 specimens were produced using the casting and the SLS methods; 10 samples were made in each group. After the core gap measurements, 10 metal-ceramic crowns in each group were finished using the conventional technique of firing porcelain. The gap of the metal-ceramic crowns was measured. The marginal and internal gaps were measured by two-dimensional and three-dimensional replica techniques, respectively. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and nonparametric ANCOVA were used for statistical analysis (${\alpha}$=.05). RESULTS. In both groups, the gap increased after completion of the metal-ceramic crown compared to the core. In all measured areas, the gap of the metal cores and metal-ceramic crowns produced by the SLS was greater than that of the metal cores and metal-ceramic crowns produced using the casting. Statistically significant differences were found between cast and SLS (metal cores and metal-ceramic crown). CONCLUSION. Although the gap of the FDPs produced by the SLS was greater than that of the FDPs produced by the conventional casting in all measured areas, none exceeded the clinically acceptable range.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2004

The core-shell polyolefin nonwovon fabric (PNF), wherein the PNF comprises at least about 60% of polyethylene having a melting temperature at ${\sim}132^{\circ}C$ and no more than about 40% of second polypropylene having a lower melting temperature at ${\sim}162^{\circ}C$. The sulfonic acid group for battery separators were prepared by radiation-induced grafting of styrene onto PNF and by the subsequent sulfonation of polystyrene graft chains. The sulfonated PNF was characterized by XPS, SEM, DSC, TGA and porosimeter. The electrochemical properties such as electrolyte retension, electrical resistance, and transport number of the $K^+ions$ were evaluated after sulfonation. It was found that the electrolyte retension increased, whereas the electrical resistance decreased with increasing sulfonic acid content. The transport number of $K^+$ in PNF with sulfonic acid of 0.22 ~ 3.60 mmol/g was to be 0.90 ~ 0.93.