• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.2179-2184
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• 2012

Introduction and aim: To compare reproductive factor influence on patients with pathological diagnosed malignant and benign tumor in the Breast Department, The First Peoples' Hospital of Kunming in Yunnan province, China. Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted on 263 breast cancer (BC) cases and 457 non-breast cancer controls from 2009 to 2011. The cases and controls information on demographics, medical history, and reproductive characteristics variables were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and routine medical records. Histology of breast cancer tissue and benign breast lesion were documented by pathology reports. Since some variables in data analysis had zero count in at least one category, binomial-response GLM using the bias-reduction method was applied to estimate OR's and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). To adjust for age and menopause status, a compound variable comprising age and menopausal status was retained in the statistical models. Results: multivariate model analysis revealed significant independent positive associations of BC with short menstrual cycle, old age at first live birth, never breastfeeding, history of oral contraception experience, increased number of abortion, postmenopausal status, and nulliparity. Categorised by age and menopausal status, perimenopausal women had about 3-fold and postmenopausal women had more than 5-fold increased risk of BC compared to premenopausal women. Discussion and Conclusion: This study has confirmed the significant association of BC and estrogen related risk factors of breast cancer including longer menstrual cycle, older age of first live birth, never breastfeeding, nulliparity, and number of abortions more than one. The findings suggest that female hormonal factors, especially the trend of menopause status play a significant role in the development of BC in Yunnan women.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.17-35
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to develope Premarial Sexual Education Program. This program was based on survey(466 data used) for the need of PSEP. The result were as followings: 1. The need of sex education was higher(92.9%) and the participation of this PSEP was 80.4%, so this program was systemic structure. 2. Their premarital sexual values were more permissive(52.2%) than the past. But women thought tha female would be vergin(27.1%) their inter course experience rate was 33.4% and Age of experience was under 23 year olds. 3. The unmarried persns wanted that PSEP was consisted of 10 sub themes : (1) pregnancy and child-birth(mean=4.4/5) (2) contraception and family planning(m=4.3) (3) sexual morality and sexual value(m=4.2) (4) sexual healthy family (m=4.1) (5) sexual open communication(m=4.1) (6) venereal disease and coping stratiges(m=4.0) (7) sex role learning(m=3.9) (8) sexual physiology(m=3.8) (9) premarital sex and unwed mother(m=3.7) (10) adultery and society(m=3.6) 4. They want that group meeting would be every Wensday or Friday evening and the required time is two hours. The instruction methods are expected lecture, discussion or seminar and viewing video tapes. 5. So PSEP was consist of 10 sub-themes: (1) orientation and self-disclosure(test, lecture, game) (2) sexual physiology(video tape, lecture) (3) pregnancy and child birth(lecture, video tape) (4) contraceptive methods and family planning(lecture, video tape, test, discussion) (5) sex role learning(test, lecture, role-play) (6) venereal disease and coping stratiges(lecture, video tape) (7) premarital sex and incest(cause study, lecture) (8) sex morality and sex value(seminars, lecture) (9) sexual open communication(seminars) (10) sexual healthy family(lecture, seminars)

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권14호
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• pp.5517-5522
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• 2014

Oral contraceptive use is the most common type of contraception. More than 300 million women worldwide take oral contraceptives every day. However, there is a concern about the relationship with the incidence of cancer. This analytical retrospective study aimed to investigate the relationship between the incidence of cervical and breast cancers and oral contraceptive use in 128 Iranian patients with cervical cancer, 235 with breast cancer and equal numbers of controls. Data were collected through interviews with an organized set of questions. Details were also extracted from patient files. Data were analyzed using Student's t-test, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, and Pearson's correlation analysis. The result revealed correlations between both cervical and breast cancers and history of contraceptive pills use. While cervical cancer significantly correlated with duration of use of pills, breast cancer had significant correlations with the type of oral contraceptive and age at first use. No significant relationships were found between the two types of cancer and age at discontinuation of oral contraceptives, patterns of use, and intervals from the last use. The use of oral contraceptives may triple the incidence of cervical cancer and doubles the incidence of breast cancer. Therefore, performing Pap smears every six months and breast cancer screening are warranted for long-term oral contraceptive users.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.197-201
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• 2006

A 2-year-old female mongrel dog was referred to the Veterinary Medical Center of Chungbuk National University due to anorexia, depression and weight loss after the administration of exogenous estrogen for contraception in the local hospital. Although the dog was medicated with antibiotics and fluid for two weeks in the local hospital, there was a deterioration in the patient's general condition. Therefore the dog was referred to our Veterinary Medical Center. Hematological and biochemical analysis showed non-regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, severely immature leukocytosis, hyperbilirubinemia, hyperglycemia and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Abdominal ultrasonography showed double line of gallbladder and irregular hypertrophic wall of uterus. On the basis of these examination's results and history taking, final diagnosis was exogenous estrogen-induced myelotoxicosis with cholecystitis and endometritis. The symptomatic therapy for estrogen toxicosis was performed for 26 days after the final diagnosis. However, the symptom had no response to therapy except endometritis and anemia. On day 135 after administration of estrogen, platelet and neutrophil count were normalized, but monocytic leukocytosis was occurred.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.241-246
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• 2017

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the trends on the induced abortion in Korea using social big-data and confirm whether there was time series trends and seasonal characteristics in induced abortion. Methods: From October 1, 2007 to October 24, 2016, we used Naver's data lab query, and the search word was 'induced abortion' in Korean. The average trend of each year was analyzed and the seasonality was analyzed using the cosinor model. Results: There was no significant changes in search volume of abortion during that period. Monthly search volume was the highest in May followed by the order of June and April. On the other hand, the lowest month was December followed by the order of January, and September. The cosinor analysis showed statistically significant seasonal variations (amplitude, 4.46; confidence interval, 1.46-7.47; p< 0.0036). The search volume for induced abortion gradually increased to the lowest point at the end of November and was the highest at the end of May and declined again from June. Conclusion: There has been no significant changes in induced abortion for the past nine years, and seasonal changes in induced abortion have been identified. Therefore, considering the seasonality of the intervention program for the prevention of induced abortion, it will be effective to concentrate on the induced abortion from March to May.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.313-321
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• 2002

We would like to suggest the guideline of use of materials of sexual education for adolescent in school by examining the status of use of materials and by evaluating the video materials frequently used. Survey was done by enquetes on status of use of materials of sexual education from school nurses in 190 primary, 44 middle and 50 high schools in Seoul, Kyonggi-do and Kangwon-do from August 1999 to February 2000. The frequently used 84 videotapes were evaluated on their contents. As for the status of use, 99.3% of subjected schools possessed the materials for sexual education. Decision of purchase was determined according to the review of contents (92.6%). Information about materials was received by the advertisement in newspapers or broadcasting (46.1%) or recommendation of peer teacher (32.4%). Videotape was most frequently used (64.1%) rather than books or CD. Teachers concerns on the materials were the educational content according to developmental stage of students (41.9%), content provoking interest (33.5%) and concrete guide for teacher (10.6%). As for the evaluation of the contents of videotapes, a subject of education was not described out of 46.6%. Videotape producer were mostly the Government-affiliated institutes or non-profit organizations (86.8%). The year of production was indicated from 41.7%. Running time range of 21-30 minutes was highest (55.9%). The price was marked in only one videotape. Subjects of contents were general sexual education (34.5%), sexual violence or sexual harassment (21.4%), pregnancy and contraception (14.2%) and AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (8.3%) and dating and adolescent change (4. 8%), and etc (11.9 %). According to above results, we suggested that materials for sexual education should be completed with a description on the subjected group, summary of content, information on the tape producer, year of production, running time and sale price.

• 한국인구학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.117-132
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• 1982

During the period of 1962 through 1981, a total of 11. 7 million cummulative acceptors have received contraceptive services under the national family planning program. The number of annual acceptors have steadly increased from 151, 200 in 1963 to 842, 200 in 1975, and since then it has maintained the range of 600, 000 to 800, 000 acceptors per year. From the beginning of the program, the IUD had been the principal method of contraception provided by the government program until 1976, at which time the government made female sterilization services available thorough the introduction of the laparoscopy method. The popularity of female sterilization has increased very rapidly during the last few years. Out of 614, 200 program acceptors in 1981, the proportion of female sterilization and IUD acceptors were virtually the same(26.8% and 27.2% respectively). Considering various anticipated problems such as a large proportion of contraceptive users for the fertility termination and the high discontinuation rates of IUD and other traditional method, the government has emphasized the distribution of female sterilization and deemphasized condom and pill contraceptives since 1978. However, the recent service statistics has revealed that the acceptance rate of female sterilization has steadly declined since 1979. Thus, the purpose of this analysis is to review the current government policy on contraceptive distribution with emphasis of female sterilization by estimating the prospect of sterilization acceptablilty. According to the Fifth Five-Year Plan for Family Planning Program(1982-1986) the annual average target of sterilization was set up to secure 230, 000 acceptors by the government sector during the period. If the sterilization target is to be met as planned, about 80 percent of exposed women aged 30-44 will be remained as sterilized women in 1985. This means the the high acceptance rate of sterilization shown in the past years can not be expected, unless the acceptors' age of sterilization is drastically lowered below 30 years. Accordingly, the current policy on contraceptive distribution with emphasis on sterilization should be gradually changed to encourage target population to use contraceptives for birth spacing by increasing access to such contraceptives as IUDs, pills, and condoms, and to improve continuation rates through better program management system including target setting, acceptors' follow-up, supervision, and evaluation system.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.39-47
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• 1976

The organized community is the one of the best system for the effective public health administration, and a model area was selected for the study to see what would be achieved when a certain small community is placed under the special public health control based on the family unit. The 178 families involved total of 875 populations. The rate of vaccination with B.C.G. among 191 infants and children could be increased upto 100.0% from 72.5% of the time when the basic study was performed after 8 months period of this study; 99.0% from 47.1% with D.P.T.; 96,9% from 71.7% against smallpox; 83.2% from 69.1% against poliomyelitis; but only 25,7% from 21.5% against measles. The status of family planing was 36.8% among 155 women of possible conception at the time of the basic research. And, at the end of this study, the number of women utilizing one of the methods of contraception for family planning were increased upto 52.9% among the same number. The most frequently utilized method was 34.1% of oral pills followed by 30.5% of intrauterine device; but both of which had higher rate of interruption of use because of the complications, 14.3% and 16.0% respectively. The 10 pregnant women at the time of basic research experienced normal deliveries during the period of study and they had received pre and postnatal health care through this health center. The status of oral hygiene, pulmonary tuberculosis control, and parasitological examination were also reported as well as the cases with diseases seen among the population and vaccinations performed against other infectious diseases. The stress on discussion was placed upon the effectiveness of public health administration when it is undergone on the individual family unit to achieve the best results. However, the shortness of both personnel and material resources were considered to be the one of the major difficulties retarding the generalization of the idea obtained through this study based on family unit public health administration.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2020

본 연구의 목적은 우리나라 청소년의 성경험 유무에 따른 건강행태의 차이를 파악하기 위한 융복합 연구이다. 본 연구는 2017년 청소년건강행태온라인 조사의 원시자료를 이용한 이차 분석 연구로, 총 61,861명의 자료를 분석하였다. 연구결과 성경험이 있는 청소년에서 남학생, 고등학생, 남학교, 낮은 학업성적, 부모와 따로 거주, 높거나 낮은 경제 상태를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 건강행태에 있어서는 성경험이 있는 청소년이 신체활동을 더 많이 하고 스트레스, 슬픔·절망감 경험, 자살생각, 자살계획, 자살시도, 음주, 흡연을 더 많이 하는 것으로 나타났다. 성경험이 있는 청소년 중에서 피임을 하지 않는 청소년은 48.9%로 나타났고, 주로 콘돔을 이용하였다. 청소년의 성 건강을 위하여 본 연구에서 도출된 요인을 고려하여 중재하는 것이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구는 청소년의 특성을 반영한 성교육 프로그램을 개발하는 데에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국인구학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.79-92
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• 1985

Fertility has been declined since 1966 (see Table 1). This fertility reduction was duely caused by age at first marriage, induced abortion and contraceptive practice which has been largely increased in recent years. Although tbe proximate determinant such as induced abortion, age at marriage and breastfeeding can and do have an effect on fertility, the principal cause of the reduction in fertility in Korea during the fertility transition can be supported by correlation between level of fertility and contraceptive prevalence (See Fig. 4). Taking a regression equation between fertility (TER. Y) and prevalence level (X), the total fertility rate in 1984 was estimated as 1.9 and 2.1 based on lenear and expotential function shown as follow; $Y_1$=5.709-0.0549 X and $Y_2$_______80________ 1+e2.433+0.017X ($R^2$=O. 93) ($R^2$=0. 96) Where $Y_1$ and $Y_2$ denote total fertility rates obtained through two equations respectivelly. The peak of contraceptive prevalence was assumdd as 80 percent which is almost upper limit in human society. On the other hand, an observed value of 1984 fertility level obtained from five month period shows 2.1 which is coincident with logistic fitting after the adjustment of response error assumed around 10 to 20 percent, At any rate, fertility of Korean women will have been reached replacement level (2.1) by 1985.Thus policy for family planning program must be reviewed toward the direction of integrated approach particularly with MCH program inasmuch as fertility in Korea has already shown population replacement level that require more good quality of service in family planning and their There must be an advanced level of fertility in Korea because wide use of contraception and induced life abortion and age at marriage will effect modern fertility which shows up and down trend between 2.1 and 1.5 in general.