• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제40권12호
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• pp.1005-1011
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• 2016

기어소음의 근본적인 원인은 전달오차로 인해 발생하게 된다. 전달오차는 기어가 맞물릴 때 발생하는데 크게 정적전달오차와 동적전달오차가 있다. 이러한 오차들은 기어 이빨의 처짐 또는 치면 마찰에 의해 발생하고 이 요인들이 원인이 되어 기어 시스템에 진동이 발생하게 된다. 그리고 이 진동이 기어의 축으로 이동하게 되어 축을 떠받치고 있는 베어링에 전달되고 베어링에 전달된 가진은 최종적으로 기어의 케이싱으로 이동하게 되어 소음을 방출하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 전달오차에 의해 발생하는 최대 굽힘응력을 가지는 롤각을 찾기 위한 응력해석을 수행되었다. 본 논문에서는 이론적 바탕으로 설계되어 인볼류트 곡선을 가진 기어와 수정된 치형을 가진 기어의 전달오차에 대한 해석을 진행하였다. 또한, 급작스러운 작동이나 큰 백래쉬로 인해 발생하는 충격강도에 대한 영향을 알아보기 위해 유한요소해석을 통해 각각 정적 최대굽힘응력과 동적 최대굽힘응력의 결과를 이용하여 충격인자 값을 예측해 보았다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2016

전자상거래는 인터넷상에서 직접적인 접속을 통해 소비자들이 필요 정보를 검색하고 제품이나 서비스를 구매하는 것을 가능케 한다. 인터넷상의 구매 행위는 실질적인 경험은 아니지만 그림이나 제품 정보 및 광고 등에 근거하여 이루어진다. 본 연구에서는 이란의 전자상거래 시장을 활성화하기 위해, 인터넷 쇼핑몰에서의 젊은 성인층의 구매 행태를 분석하였다. 즉, 인터넷 쇼핑 동기유발과 인터넷 쇼핑몰 선택에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 조사하였으며, 이러한 요인들과 성별, 직업, 연령, 교육정도와 같은 다른 요인들 사이의 상관관계를 밝히기 위해 통계적 가설검증을 수행하였다. 이 결과, 인터넷 쇼핑몰 선택 요인 중의 하나인 '풍부한 제품 정보' 요인에는 남녀 성별 차이가 존재한다는 것과, 쇼핑 동기 유발 요인 중의 하나인 '제품 비교 기능' 요인에도 남녀 차이가 존재한다는 것이 드러났다. 또한, '월 평균 구매 빈도' 요인은 학생과 비학생 간에 차이가 존재하였다. 그리고 일반적으로 이란 젊은 성인층에서는 인터넷 쇼핑몰에서의 상품의 품질을 신뢰하지 않으며 인터넷 쇼핑몰의 안전성에도 만족하지 못하고 있다는 것을 밝혀냈다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.240-253
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• 1997

The main problems contributing to food poisoning outbreaks in institutional settings and a home were reviewed and analyzed through the epidemiological investigations of food poisoning. The major documented factors included improper holding temperatures, inadequate cooking, poor personal hygiene, cross-contamination and contaminated equipment, food from unsafe sources, failure to follow food hygiene policies, and lack of education, training, monitoring and superivision. Usually more than one factor contributed to the development of an outbreak. (1) Use of improper holding temperatures was the single most important factor contributing to food poisoning. They included improper cooling, allowing a laps of time (12 hours or more) between preparing food and eating it, improper hot holding, and inadequate or improper thawing. Food thermometers were not used in most of the instances. (2) In inadequate cooking, the core temperature of food during and after cooking had not been measured, and routine monitoring was limited to recording the temperature of plated meals. Compared with conventional methods of cooking, microwave ovens did not protect against food poisoning as effectively. Centralized food preparation potentially increased the risk of food poisoning outbreaks. (3) Poor personal hygiene both at the individual level (improper handwashing and lack of proper hygienic practices) and at the institutional level (poor general sanitization) increased the risk of transmission. Person to person transmission of enteric pathogens through direct contact and via fomites has been noted in several instances. (4) Obtaining food from unsafe sources was a risk factor in outbreaks of food poisoning. Food risks were high when food was grown or harvested from contaminated areas. Possibilities included contamination in the field, in transport, at the retail site, or at the time it was prepared for serving. (5) Cross-contamination and inadequate cleaning/handling of equipment became potential vehicles of food poisoning. Failure to separate cooked food from raw food was also a risk factor. (6) Failure to follow food hygiene policies also provided opportunities for outbreaks of food poisoning. It included improper hygienic practices during food preparation, neglect of personnel policies (involvement of symptomatic workers in food preparation), poor results on routine inspections, and disregarding the results and recommendations of an inspection. (7) Lack of formal and in-service education, training, monitoring, and supervision of food handlers or supervisors were critical and perhaps neglected elements in occurrences of food poisoning.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.11-24
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to present data on the human activities responding to the physical environment of ‘Ulsan’s Grand Parks by evaluating user behavior and activity, visiting motivations, and user satisfaction. This study was conducted using multi-methods such as interviews and questionnaires surveys. The main findings of this study can be summarized in six parts as follows: \circled1 Behavior patterns showed that the users visited the park left within 30 minutes and the frequency of visits was 1 or 2 times per week. They spent their time mostly on ‘walking’ and ‘picnicking’. The users visited regardless of the seasons or the day of the week. \circled2 The priorities for improvements were analyzed as follows: the users expressed their demands for ‘shadowing facilities’ like shelters and pergolas because they used these facilities frequently. Also, the users would like an ‘event program’, ‘sign system’ and ‘guide program’. \circled3 Analysis of the the user’s perception of the park showed that they perceive the park as ‘representative source of the landscape and open space in Ulsan and place for making contact with nature. \circled4 In examining the visiting motivations of the users of Ulsan Grand Park, it was revealed that people use the park for ‘time with family and friends’, ‘to escape from city life’, ‘to relieve fatigue. As a result of factor analysis, 4 factors were identified such as ‘physical motive(MF1)’, ‘exploratory motive(MF2)’, ‘social motive(MF3)’ and ‘emotional motive(MF4). \circled5 Park users’ evaluation for park facilities showed that people are satisfied with most of the facilities and especially, they have high level of satisfaction for ‘footpaths’, ‘squares’ and ‘picnicspace’. The evaluation of the park user’s of activity reveals that they are content with nearly all the variables. Especially, they have high level of satisfaction for the variables of ‘convenience for dynamic activities’, ‘making of a beautiful atmosphere, ‘accessibility from the outside’ and, ‘convenience in group activitie. Factor analysis of the park user’s of activity revealed 5 factors such as ‘convenience and interest factor (AF1)’, ‘park maintenance, management and use program(AF2)’, ‘visual beauty(AF3)’, ‘safety and accessibility(AF4)’ and ‘crowding(AF5)’. \circled6 Regression analysis was employed to get the predictor factors of overall satisfaction with a result of 60.0%($R^2$). The variance was explained as ‘quality of the picnic space’, ‘convenience and interest factor while using the park’, ‘park program for maintain and management in the park’, ‘visually beauty while using the park’, ‘safety and accessibility of the parks’, ‘quality of the pond’, ‘crowding’, ‘quality of the square’.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.843-852
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• 2020

Among the many packaging materials used in cushion packaging, there is a lack of optimum design for packaging trays and cushion pads used in pear packaging for export and domestic distribution. It causes over-packaging due to excessive material input, and can be solved by applying various parameters needed to optimize the design of the packaging tray and cushion pad considering the packaging material and the number of pears in the box. In the case of a cushion pad for pears, the economic efficiency of material and thickness should be considered. Therefore, it is possible to design a packaging tray and cushion pad depending on eco-friendly packaging materials (PLA, PET) used by applying appropriate design parameters. The static characteristics of the materials used for the packaging of pears were analyzed using FEA (finite element analysis) simulation technique to derive the optimal design parameters. In this study, we analyzed the contact stress and deformation of PET, PLA tray (0.1, 0.5 1.0, 1.5 and 2 mm) and PET foam (2.0, 3 .0 and 4.0 mm) with pears to derive appropriate cushion packaging design factors. The contact stress between the pear and PET foam pad placed on PLA, PET trays were simulated by FEA considering the bioyield strength (192.54±28 kPa) of the pears and safety factor (5) of packaging design, which is the criterion of damage to the pears. For the combination of PET tray and PET foam buffer pad, the thickness of the PET foam is at least 3 mm, the thickness of the PET foam is at least 1.0 mm, the thickness of the foam is at least 2 mm, and if the thickness of the PET tray is at least 1.5 mm, the thickness of the foam is at least 1 mm, suitable for the packaging design. In addition, for the combination of PLA tray and PET foam pad, the thickness of the PET foam was not less than 2 mm if the thickness of the PLA tray was 0.5 mm, and 1 mm or more if the thickness of the PLA tray was not less than 1.0 mm, the thickness of the PET foam was suitable for the packaging design.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.703-713
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• 2001

Mechanical joints such as bolted or riveted joints are widely used in structural components and the reliable determination of the stress intensity factors for corner cracks in mechanical joints is needed to evaluate the safety and fatigue life. This paper analyzes the mixed-mode stress intensity factors of surface and deepest points for quarter elliptical corner cracks in mechanical joints by weight function method and the coefficients included in weight function are determined by finite element analyses for reference loadings. The extended form of the weight function method for two-dimensional mixed-mode to three-dimensional is presented and the number of terms in weight function is determined by comparing the results for the different number of terms. The amount of clearance is an important factor in evaluating the severity of elliptical corner cracks in mechanical joints and even horizontal crack normal to the applied load is under mixed-mode in the case that clearance exists.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.181-203
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• 1991

The effects of geologic structures such as rock joins and bedding planes on the thermal conductivity of a discontinuous rock mass are studied. The expressions for the equivalent thermal conductivities of jointed rock masses are derived and found to be anisotropic. The degree of anisotropy depends primarily on the thermal properties contrast between the joint phase and surrounding intact rock, the joint density expressed as volume fraction and the inclination angle of the joint. Within the context of 2-dimensional finite element heat transfer scheme, the isotherms around a circular hole are analyzed for both the isotropic and anisotropic rock masses in 3 different thermal boundary conditions. i.e. temperature, heat flux and convection boundary conditions. The temperature in the stratified anisotripic rock mass is greatly influenced by the thermal properties of the rock formation in contact with the heat source. Using the excavation-temperature coupled elastic plastic finite element method, analyzed is the thermo-mechanical stability of a circular opening subjected to 10$0^{\circ}C$ at a depth of 527m. It is found that the thermal stress concentration was enough to deteriorate the stability and form a plastic yield zone around the opening, in contrast to the safety factor greater than 2 resulted form the excavation-only analysis.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 1989

탄소성체지반위에 놓인 원형기초가 축대칭하중을 받았을 경우에 유한요소법에 의한 비선형해석을 수행한 결과로부터, 지반의 소성영역이 원판의 모서리부근에서 일어나기 시작하여 중심축 둘레로 연결되었을 때 접지압이 급격히 변하며 전단파괴가 시작된다고 판단되고 이 때의 외부작용하중을 설계하중으로 정 의하였다. 지반의 항복조건으로 Mohr-Coulomb의 파괴이론을 적용한 수치해석의 결과와 적절한 안전율에 근거한 실험결과가 근사함을 확인하였으나 Terzaghi공식에 의한 값보다는 작았다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.1027-1044
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• 2017

Membrane penetration is the most important factor influencing the measurement of volume change for triaxial consolidated-drained shear test for coarse-grained soil. The effective pressure p, average particle size $d_{50}$, thickness $t_m$ and elastic modulus $E_m$ of membrane, contact area between membrane and soil $A_m$ as well as the initial void ratio e are the major factors influencing membrane penetration. According to the membrane deformation model given by Kramer and Sivaneswaran, an analytical solution of the membrane penetration considering the initial void ratio is deduced using the energy conservation law. The basic equations from theory of plates and shells and the elastic mechanics are employed during the derivation. To verify the presented solution, isotropic consolidation tests of a coarse-grained soil are performed by using the method of embedding different diameter of iron rods in the triaxial samples, and volume changes due to membrane penetration are obtained. The predictions from presented solution and previous analytical solutions are compared with the test results. It is found that the prediction from presented analytical solution agrees well with the test results.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.263-274
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 순수형 보강토교대의 상부구조로 적용되는 슬래브교에 대한 적용성을 검토하고 보강토 교대의 외적/내적 안정성에 대해 검토하였다. 상부구조인 슬래브교의 연장은 10.0 m ~ 20.0 m, 두께는 0.7 m ~ 0.9 m를 대상으로 하여 구조해석을 수행하여 보강토교대의 교량받침에 작용되는 사하중과 활하중에 의한 반력을 산정하였다. 슬래브교는 연장 20.0m까지 순수형 보강토교대의 허용 접지압 200 kPa을 만족하였다. 순수형 보강토교대의 외적 안정성은 보강토체의 기하형상에 지배되기 때문에 상부구조의 하중에 의한 안전율 변화는 작은 것으로 나타났다. 지지력에 대한 안전율은 기초지반의 강성은 상수이지만 활동력인 상부구조의 하중은 증가되므로 감소되었다. 그리고 상부구조로 인해 보강토옹벽 상단에 작용하는 접지압이 200 kPa을 초과할 경우, 순수형 보강토교대에서는 전면벽체에 작용하는 수평토압이 과도하게 증가되어, 최상단 보강재에서 내적안정성인 인발과 파단에서 허용안전율을 만족하지 못하였다. 순수형 보강토교대의 효율적 설계 및 성능 확보를 위해서는 보강토체 상단에 배치된 보강재의 인발저항력과 장기허용인장력을 증가시키는 것이 필요한 것으로 분석된다.