• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.73-79
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• 2011

Based on the results of Part 1 of our two-parts paper, the possibility on field applicability of CMDS(Coal Mine Drainage Sludge) mixed with bentonite and cement as a liner in landfill sites was investigated. The optimum moisture content that met the landfill liner condition was obtained when the ratio of CMDS: bentonite: cement was 1: 0.5: 0.3 in a lab-scale. The relative compaction was measured in 90.1%, which results for construction field have been generally acceptable. In this study, a large-scale Lysimeter($1.0m{\times}1.5m{\times}2.0m$) was used to simulate the effects of the layer on the freeze/thaw by -20 average temperature. The mixture after freezing/thawing showed compressive strength more than $5kg/cm^2$, which was satisfied with EPA standards. Initial permeability of CMDS was $7.10{\times}10^{-7}cm/s$ and permeability its mixture after freezing/thawing was increased to $9.80{\times}10^{-7}cm/s$. The change of temperature in the layers rises and falls with linear and temperature gradient keep maintain the present state. Moisture contents in the layers have not been radically changed. Through the leaching test determined by KSLT method, it was found that heavy metals excluding Zn and Ni were not leached out or leached out less than the standards during 7 cycles of freezing/thawing process. Since it shows the increased permeability about 1.5 times and slight change in moisture content, but it was satisfied with EPA standar through 7 cycles of freezing/thawing process, this mixture can be applied as a liner in landfill final cover system.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.127-150
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• 2020

A Basic Plan for the Promotion of Space Development (hereinafter referred to as "basic plan"), which prescribes mid- and long-term policy objectives and basic direction-setting on space development every five years, is one of the matters to be deliberated by the National Space Committee. Confirmed February 2018 by the Committee, the 3rd Basic Plan has a unique matter, compared to the 2nd Basic Plan. It is to construct "Korean Positioning System(KPS)". Almost every country in the world including Korea has been relying on GPS. On the occasion of the shooting down of a Korean Air flight 007 by Soviet Russia, GPS Standard Positioning Service has been open to the world. Due to technical errors of GPS or conflict of interests between countries in international relations, however, the above Service can be interrupted at any time. Such cessation might bring extensive damage to the social, economic and security domains of every country. This is why some countries has been constructing an independent global or regional satellite navigation system: EU(Galileo), Russia(Glonass), India(NaVic), Japan(QZSS), and China(Beidou). So does South Korea. Once KPS is built, it is expected to make use of the system in various areas such as transportation, aviation, disaster, construction, defense, ocean, distribution, telecommunication, etc. For this, a pan-governmental governance is needed to be established. And this governance must be based on the law. Korea is richly experienced in developing and operating individually satellite itself, but it has little experience in the simultaneous development and operation of the satellites, ground, and users systems, such as KPS. Therefore we need to review overseas cases, in order to minimize trial and error. U.S. GPS is a classic example.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.1
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• pp.96-107
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• 2018

This study analyzed the linkage between the Forestry sector Official Development Assistance (ODA) Project in South Korea and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of United Nations (UN), Suggested direction of ODA project focusing on the implementation of the SDGs. Forestry sector ODA project data in South Korea have collected from Economic Development Cooperation Fund (EDCF) statistical inquiry system developed by The Export-Import Bank of Korea. According to the analysis result, Forestry sector ODA project in South Korea have been actively implemented in the fields of forestry development, forestry policy and administration. In both fields, Korea Forest Service and Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) carried out the most projects. The Forestry sector ODA project data in South Korea are classified technical development, capacity building, construction of infrastructure and afforestation based on their objectives and contents. SDGs emphasizes the importance of national implementation assessment and this study analyze linkage between ODA activity content in each classification item and 2016 Korea Forest Service Performance Management Plan indicator. Analyzed the 2016 Korea Forest Service Performance Management Plan indicator and SDGs target and SDGs indicator were identified. finally, SDGs goals were recognized. In conclusion, Forestry sector ODA project in South Korea are associated with the SDGs Goal 1 (No Poverty), Goal 2 (Zero Hunger), Goal 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), Goal 13 (Climate Action), Goal 15 (Life on Land) and Goal 17 (Partnership for The Goals). Therefore, With the launch of the SDGs, This study analyzed the linkage among the Forestry sector ODA Project in South Korea, the 2016 Korea Forest Service Performance Management Plan and the SDGs. it presented the limitations of Forestry sector ODA Project in South Korea and made proposals for the implementation of the SDGs.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2020

Due to change in circumstances in the 2000s such as severe birthrate decline and shortened military service period, the armed forces of the Republic of Korea is currently turning to technologies and equipments from manpower, developing it to become high-tech, high-speed, and complex, resulting in an environment in which a single mistake could cause a mass mortality crisis.It is also evident that, considering aspects such as safety training curriculums and achievements of advanced countries and private education, hands-on training is a must in preventing suicides and accidents in the military, and establishing safety training centers is crucial for systematic and effective hands-on training.Soldiers who are joining the army as of now have experienced the Internet ever since they were born and easily use both virtual and augmented reality, and the current level of science and technology has developed to the point where most of the public safety experience centers are able to be replaced by virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR). Therefore, considering the aspects such as installation space, construction costs, maintenance costs, user characteristics, and education effects, other than for those trainings where real models and objects are more effective such as first aid training, it is with a strong recommendation that establishing military safety training facilities with VR/AR (Virtual and augmented reality) is a must in the coming future. We have derived the need for hands-on training by considering the development of virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR), analysis of operation status of the public safety experience centers, characteristics of military units, installation and maintenance costs, and proposed plan to establish safety training centers where effective training performance can be achieved at a lower cost than the public safety experience center. In addition, we suggested the scale of the required safety training center and the composition of the experience rooms considering the number of trainees and the environment of each military units. Given this analysis it will contribute to the prevention of military safety and suicide by building a safety training center in the future.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.247-257
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• 2014

The construction of eight large weirs in the Nakdong River, Korea, caused a decrease in the water flow velocity and several physical changes to the water environment. Here, changes in phyto- and zooplankton communities and water quality in the areas near the eight weirs were investigated from 2011 to 2013, and relationships between phytoplankton abundances and environmental factors were analyzed. Special emphasis was given to the succession patterns in algal abundance based on temperature fluctuations. At the eight weirs, 24 dominant species were found. The most abundant phytoplankton species was Stephanodiscus sp. (39.4% of dominant frequency). Cyanobacteria of the genus Microcystis dominated during the summer, with an dominant frequency of 8.5% and cell abundance ratio of 36.6%. Significant correlations were observed between temperature and abundance of eight of the main dominant species; seven species showed positive correlations with temperature. Stephanodiscus sp., however, showed a negative correlation with temperature (r=-0.26, p<0.01). In addition, this species showed a significant negative correlation with the dominant algal species-Aulacoseira granulata and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, with the zooplankton Copepoda and with Cladocera. On the contrary, seven other dominant species of algae showed significant positive correlations with zooplankton. Thus, we showed that the seasonal succession of plankton communities in the Nakdong River was related to the water temperature changes.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.551-560
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• 2013

Environmental factors and epilithic diatom communities in the lower streams near the harbor region of South Korean peninsula were examined during no monsoon period in May 2013. The sampling of water and epilithic diatoms was conducted at both streams, 19 regulated streams (RS) that there are one or several dams constructed in the river system, and 19 un-regulated streams (US) that there are no dams within the river. A cluster analysis based on the number of species and abundance of epilithic diatoms through the stations, divided into three groups such as groups I (mainly US), II (mixed with US and RS) and III (mainly RS), respectively. Group I showed that water quality is good and high diversity of diatom, while Group II and III was water quality is relatively poor, but not differed in biomass of diatom from Group I. In addition, Group II that had high conductivity, nitrogen and phosphorus, was the lowest in diatom diversity among them. Dominant species were Nitzschia palea (17%) and Navicula seminuloides (11%) in Group I, Nitzschia inconspicua (19%) and Navicula perminuta (9%) in Group II, and Nitzschia inconspicua (15%) and Nitzschia palea (14%) in Group III, respectively. These taxa were widely distributed in brackish water, and not closely related with specific water quality, like eutrophic water. However, the groups II and III belonged to RS, had not only little biomass, but bad water quality such as high concentrations of nutrient and chlorophyll-a. Therefore, to determine the effect of dam construction on the lower water ecosystem, the planktonic algae, which can occur algal bloom in the estuary, also was considered to be a parallel investigation.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.43-53
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• 2010

A dam is effective in stable supply of water required in daily life and reduction of damage from floods. hut a lot of land or houses arc submerged due to the construction of a darn heavily affecting environment in surrounding areas. In order to improve and support daily life environment. surrounding a dam, many projects have been conducted. and the study has focused on analyzing bow to calculate error characteristics of scale effect for submerged area by using GIS spatial overlay. First, as a result of areal error in submerged area by scale based on a 1/3,000 digital topographic map, it was found that the 1/5,000 digital topographic map is 9.5 times, 9.0 times and 10.5 times more accurate than the 1/25,000 digital topographic map, respectively, in the total of areal error, standard error and areal error for submerged area. Second, as a result of analysis on areal error in areas surrounding a dam, it has been found that Jinan-eup in Jinan-gun registered the largest difference in area within 2km and 2~5km catchment area by recording 13.8 times and 20.6 times, respectively, in the 1/5,000 digital topographic map compared to the 1/25,000 digital topographic map. In addition, in areas out of catchment area within 2km, the area of occupation was very small, so there were no characteristics in error. The out of catchment area, Nami-myeon in Geumsan-gun recorded the largest errors of 31.8 times. Finally, it was found that the ratio of the total areal error in area surrounding a dam, standard error and the total areal error in the entire area using 1,5000 digital topographic map is 7.4 times, 11.8 times and 7.4 times more accurate than the 1/25,000 digital topographic map.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.sup
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• pp.61-68
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• 2011

To assess the total cost with all stages of facilities, the feasibility of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis was examined in this study to estimate the livestock manure treatment system and optimal decision making process. For the economic evaluation, the plant/equipment investment and annual operation cost of four Public Livestock Recycling Facilities, whose treatment capacity is 100 ton piggery manure per day, was compared. The initial cost was in the range of 2,699 million won to 3,202 million won, where T and E methods were highest and lowest, respectively. The annual operation cost was in the level of 378 million to 498 million won, which decreased in the following order : T method > J method > E method > B method. For the LCC analysis, 4.7% of interest rate, 3.13% of inflation rate, and 1.52% of net discount rate was considered by the data received from Bank of Korea and Statics Korea in the period of 2000 to 2009. Also, for the calculation of present value factor, the durable years of civil engineering & construction, machinery and electric instrument was 30 years, 10 years and 15 years, respectively. Based on these consideration, operation cost was in the range of 17,570 won/ton to 20,661 won/ton, and E method (17,570 won/ton) was economical and B method (20,661 won/ton) was non-economical. Though initial cost of T method was higher than that of B method, LCC analysis of T method was lower than that of T method due to the lower operation cost. Therefore, LCC analysis, which considers both initial cost and operation cost, is more reasonable evaluation method than either initial cost or annual operation cost. For the change of LCC analysis according to the uncertainty, the sensitivity analysis was carried out using fluctuation magnitude of discount rate in the period of 2000 to 2009. As a result, LCC analysis evaluated by discount rate was stable for the uncertain factors since the cost leadership did not change even though the sensitivity analysis varied. In summary, the economic evaluation using LCC analysis could be an efficient reference to choose the suitable livestock manure treatment plants. Furthermore, standardization of statement calculation for the actual cost analysis should be conducted and more detailed study is necessary to validate this summary. Therefore, the application of comprehensive technology evaluation, which considers LCC analysis, should contribute in obtaining objectivity and enhancing reliability for the 'Evaluation of Livestock Manure Treatment System and its Technology'.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.620-637
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• 2008

$Che{\breve{o}}n$ (提堰) refers to the irrigation facilities used to provide water to the land on which rice is farmed. As the maintenance of $Che{\breve{o}}n$ required great amounts of capital, labor, and technology, the construction and maintenance of such facilities was controlled by the government. $Che{\breve{o}}n$ was perceived as being of particular importance during the $Che{\breve{o}}n$ era, which adopted agriculture as the basis of state management. Therefore, the management of $Che{\breve{o}}n$ was considered to be one of the main state policies. This is why $Che{\breve{o}}n$-related records can often be found in the historical documents written during the $Che{\breve{o}}n$ era. As such historical documents in the form of Jiriji (地理誌, geographical descriptions) include detailed descriptions of the number, size, and location of $Che{\breve{o}}n$ in individual counties($kunby{\breve{o}}n$), these help to conduct comprehensive analysis of the state of $Che{\breve{o}}n$ during the $Che{\breve{o}}n$ era. Based on these facts, this study attempts to establish a database of the $Che{\breve{o}}n$-related contents included in the <$Y{\breve{o}}jitos{\breve{o}}$(與地圖書)> published during the latter period of $Che{\breve{o}}n$, and using the established database, to identify the regional characteristics of $Che{\breve{o}}n$. More precisely, by analyzing the state of the distribution of $Che{\breve{o}}n$ at the national level, an effort was made to review the regional characteristics of $Che{\breve{o}}n$ in terms of their distribution and of the natural geographical conditions found in the locales where $Che{\breve{o}}n$ were located, as well as of the interrelation between such $Che{\breve{o}}n$ and socioeconomic factors such as the scale of the population and the size of the area under cultivation. Other factors which were delved into included matters related to the size of $Che{\breve{o}}n$ such as their perimeter, length, and scale of the area which they irrigated, the characteristics of the locales where $Che{\breve{o}}n$ were located, and the regional differences in the characteristics of $Che{\breve{o}}n$.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.5-15
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• 2020

The liquefaction phenomenon that occurred during the Pohang earthquake (M_L=5.4) brought new awareness to the people about the risk of liquefaction caused by the earthquake. Liquefaction hazard maps with 2 km grid made in 2014 used more than 100,000 borehole data for the whole country, and regions without soil investigation data were produced using interpolation. In the mapping of macro liquefaction hazard for the whole country, the site amplification effect and the ground water level 0 m were considered. Recently, the Ministry of Public Administration and Security (2018) published a new site classification method and amplification coefficient of the common standard for seismic design. Therefore, it is necessary to rewrite the liquefaction hazard map reflecting the revised amplification coefficient. In this study, the results of site classification according to the average shear wave velocity in soils before and after revision were compared in the whole country. Also, liquefaction assessment results were compared in Gangseo-gu, Busan. At this time, two ground accelerations corresponding to the 500 and 1,000 years of return period and two ground water table, 5 m for the average condition and 0 m the extreme condition were applied. In the drawing of liquefaction hazard map, a 500 m grid was applied to secure a resolution higher than the previous 2 km grid. As a result, the ground conditions that were classified as S_C and S_D grounds based on the existing site classification standard were reclassified as S₂, S₃, and S₄ through the revised site classification standard. Also, the result of the Liquefaction assessments with a return period of 500 years and 1,000 years resulted in a relatively overestimation of the LPI applied with the ground amplification factor before revision. And the results of this study have a great influence on the liquefaction assessment, which is the basis of the creation of the regional liquefaction hazard map using the amplification factor.