• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.81-91
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• 2021

The Democratic People's Republic of Korea did not have direct legislation on natural environmental conservation until the early 1970s when the regime was still in the early stage. The Law on Land was enacted in 1977 to provide the legal basis for protecting the natural environment, including land protection, protection zones, and forest formation and protection. The enactment of the Law on Environmental Protection in 1986 made progress on environmental conservation in the DPRK. The constitutional amendment in 1992 stipulated "the preservation and creation of the natural environment as the responsibility of the state." Based on the Framework Law on Environmental Protection, subordinate statutes in various fields were enacted after the1990s. While the committee designated and managed the protected zones in the early days, the Framework Law on Environmental Protection established the ground for the designation of legally protected areas, and the Law on Protection of Scenic Spots and Natural Monuments enacted in 1995, and the Law on Environmental Protection enacted in 2009 provided the details. Furthermore, the types of nature reserves include biosphere reserves, primeval forest reserves, animal reserves, plant reserves, and scenic reserves. The 2nd National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan established in 2007 based on the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) stated 326 protected zones in the DPRK. However, the 2018 United Nations list of Protected Areas shows only 31 registered zones, indicating the need to establish basic information on protected areas in DPRK. This study can provide basic information for a better understanding of the nature conservation system in the DPRK. Considering that environmental protection activities such as protection of endangered species and recovery of environmental pollution are subject to exceptions under the current sanctions against North Korea (UN Security Council, the United States), it will be possible to contribute to identifying possible inter-Korean cooperation projects in the field of the natural environment.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.185-195
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• 2022

This study conducted a survey over spring and autumn from 2014 to 2020 to confirm the ecological characteristics of the size of streams and habitats, centering on the ecological landscape conservation area, and a total 256 species of benthic macroinvertebrates in 105 families, 25 orders, 8 classes, and 5 phyla appeared. In terms of appearance species, by region, the rate of appearance of Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera was high in regions consisting of lotic area and the rate of appearance of Coleoptera and Odonata was high in regions consisting of lentic areas. When comparing the population of Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (EPT) groups by region, they were classified into three groups: upstream area, mainstream area, and lentic areas, and it was confirmed that the population ratio of EPT changed as it moved from upstream to downstream. As the stream order increased, the number of species and populations increased. The Shredder group (SH) tended to decrease as the size of stream increased(r=0.9925), and the Collector-Filtering (CF) tended to increase as the size of stream increased(r=0.9319). It was confirmed that the Scraper (SC) replaced each other between species with the same ecological status as it went downstream from upstream, and it is thought that the SC did not differ significantly by stream order. In order to maintain a healthy ecosystem in the designation and management of ecological landscape conservation areas, it is necessary to consider ecological factors such as competition and physico-chemistry factors such as water quality and substrate conditions. Therefore, if the competent authority designated survey areas including buffer areas that include streams and physical habitats of various sizes, it will be advantageous to the conservative area and securing more biological resources.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.234-244
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• 2018

The roadkill that animals die after bumping by vehicles on the roads is acting as a factor to decrease the size of various animal populations. It has also been known to be the biggest artificial causations of Vertebrata deaths not only in urban areas but also protected areas such as national parks. Nevertheless, in the national park areas which are major protected national areas for conservation of national biodiversity and ecological diversity, snake roadkills occur frequently. Up to date, related studies are rare. Therefore, in this study, we described snake roadkill patterns on the roads in six national parks between 2006 and 2015. We identified total 736 snake roadkills compromising 10 different species. Five species, Rhabdophis lateralis, Elaphe dione, Gloydius ussuriensis, Lycodon rufozonatus, Gloydius brevicaudus occupied more than 91.7% of total roadkill cases. Active forager snakes were killed by roadkills more than ambush foragers, and the snake roadkill frequency was the highest in September, a migration period and in August when the young individuals dispersed at between 100 and 799 m altitude areas. Roads where roadkills were frequent lie between forest and hydrosphere or between forest and crop field road sides. Our results could be used to identify the trend of snake roadkills on the roads in national parks, and to establish effective roadkill mitigation measures and policies.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.19-37
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• 2023

This study empirically analyzed the determinants of the assessment ratio (hereinafter 'AR') based on a total of 2,129 sales cases of forests in Gwangju, Gyeonggi-do. The main findings of this study through multiple regression analysis are summarized as follows. First, this study shows that regional characteristics have significantly different effects on the AR of forest land prices. Specifically, there was a significant difference in the AR depending on the location of the parcel by sub-region and the ratio of residential area, and the higher the number of development plans in progress, the more likely the officially assessed land price will be formed close to the sale price. Second, this study analyzed that location characteristics such as the proximity of the inner and outer center of the jurisdiction and traffic accessibility had a significant influence on the determination of the AR. Third, this study identified significant differences in AR depending on detailed factors such as planning management areas, production management areas, conservation areas for mountain, conservation areas for nature, and restricted development areas as land use and regulatory characteristics of forest lands. Fourth, this study found that land characteristics are a significant factor influencing the AR as an individual factor in forest land.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2013

This study has been carried out with the purpose of coming up with suggestions for designation of domestic protection areas and improvement of their management through a comparative analysis of the systems of management of the protection areas in South Korea, Japan and China. Starting with the designation of natural reserves in 1962, South Korea has prepared legal systems for preserving ecosystems and biodiversity, while continuing to designate protected areas. As the state has so far monopolized the designation and management of all South Korean protection areas that take up 10.8% of its entire land area (as of Dec. 2011), with such persisting issues as multiple designations of one and the same area for protection, overlapping management authorities, and management of privately owned land in the protection areas. In Japan, which has protected area sizes and relevant legal systems similar to those in South Korea, the state provides the basic framework for management, while delegating most of the duties related to direct operation and management to specific municipalities. China, with an integrated administrative management of protected areas, has related government offices and municipalities responsible for the designation and management of individual protected areas. South Korea needs to provide a legally based support system that would further enhance the value of areal protection and contribute to the promotion of local economy and community.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.569-576
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• 2020

This study investigated the characteristics of microfibril angle(MFA) in order to see if there was any difference in pine tree lumber quality among the three mountain areas surrounding the Taebaek Mountains in Korea - Yeongdong (Goseong-gun), Yeongseo (Hongcheon-gun) and Yeongnam (Bonghwa-gun). Pine trees of each mountain area were divided into earlywood and latewood in relation to heartwood part (1959 ~ 1961, 3 annual rings) and sapwood part (2002 ~ 2004, 3annual rings), and measured at tangential section. The microfibril angle showed significant differences between mountain areas. In general, Goseong Mountain was found to have 37.35°, followed by Hongcheon Mountain 32.42° and Bonghwa Mountain 25.75°, in order. The sapwood part had larger angle than heartwood part; and earlywood, than latewood. Variation within a single annual ring tended to be smaller from earlywood toward latewood.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.3 s.39
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• pp.85-97
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• 1990

To understand the parks and leisure recreation environments of United States, some major areas are studied with the brief history of R & P area. development Those are 1) National Park System and National Park Service 2) ORRRC and BOR 3) Education of the Recreation & Park professions. Some findings of this study can be summarized as follows : 1. In United States, R & P area has been developed on the firm base of 'Publicity'. Central Park as a public park, National Park Service and Bureau of Outdoor Recreation as Federal organization have led this concept. 2. Major recreational resources - natural, cultural and historical etc-have converged into National Park System. On that, conservation and recreation use of those resources are possible in balance. 3. Establishment of the R & P area in the early stage made a great contribution to educate professionals. And this situation has been so helpful for balanced development of the area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1 s.114
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• pp.37-47
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• 2006

Environment-friendly agriculture has not only the simple purpose producing foods but also the key roles of conserving rural environments, landscapes and sustainable land uses. In addition, environment-friendly agricultural areas and their landscapes are important factors representing uniqueness of rural areas. For these reasons, this study investigates the landscapes formed through environment-friendly agriculture and evaluates the economic values of the landscapes using CRM(contingent ranking method) which has been known as one of the practical methods in the field of environmental economics. Based upon a scenario that government introduces the ratio of environment-friendly agriculture to evaluate economic values, a survey was performed with 1,088 of rural residents throughout the country. The results of this study indicate that the economic value for conservation and maintenance of environment-friendly agriculture landscapes is 480 won per household/month/1% environment-friendly agriculture, and this can be converted into 829 hundred million won per 1% environment-friendly agriculture nationally.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2015

Korea's housing polices, which have tended to be focused on quantity rather than quality, have since the 1970s given rise to a housing culture centered on apartment units. Such housing polices have resulted in urban sprawl in the metropolitan areas, and a growing polarization between urban and rural areas. In addition, the issue of "dehumanization" has emerged as a result of the interchangeable urban landscapes and the growing number of high-rise residential buildings. In short, the residential communities of the past, such as towns and villages, have disappeared and been replaced with societies that value individuality and anonymity. The purpose of this paper is to analyze urban structure Gyeongju traditional housing complex. This is to analyze the traditional Hanok residential complex of superiority and characteristics of Gyeongju. This enables future planning should be introduced in Gyeongju hanok.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.12-24
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• 1992

The application of island biogepgraphy and habitat fragmentation theory to protected area management in Korea is discussed. The accelerating destruction and degradation of natural habitats, with the associated erosion of biodiversity, demands and urgent response and a critical review of attitudes to protected area management. The flora of Korea will continue to change in both distribution and status in response to these man induced changes. The conservation and management of ecosystems, because of the variety of threats and the varying levels of biodiversity to be conserved, requires an integrated approach. Such an approach assesses the variety of threats, prevalent and potential, and responds with a strategy combining habitat, species and population management. The application of island biogeography, habitat fragmentation and edge effects theory to conservation strategies in Korea will assist in the understanding of the dynamic relationships between the isolation. degradation and fragmentation of surviving habitat patches. The application of such approaches is discussed with recommendations made for the adoption of an increasingly scientific approach to plant conservation based upon a knowledge of the conservation status and distribution characteristics of the Korean flora. Such data combined with demographic studies on topics such as Minimum Viable Population Size will allow an integrated approach to plant and habitat conservation to progress.