• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.132-144
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• 2011

We studied the forest environment and characteristics of bird community between April and September of 2010 on the Hyangjeokbong area(A), Baekryunsa area(B) and Anseong area(C), all in the Deogyusan National Park. Hyangjeokbong area of the high latitude ridge was characterized by the Taxus cuspidata and Abies koreana etc., and deciduous broadleaf forest species, such as the Quercus mongolica, with abundance of subalpine zone coniferous trees, the Hemerocallis fulva and the Rhododendron schlippenbachii, while the areas Baekryunsa and Anseong were primarily characterized by deciduous broadleaf forests, with the valleys showing Fraxinus mandshurica colonies. In terms of the DBH(diameter at breast height) of trees, between 11 and 20cm showed the highest frequencies, while over 30cm was the highest in Baekryunsa area and the lowest in Hyangjeokbong area. Furthermore, in terms of coverage in relation to layers, in Hyangjeokbong area, the coverage volume of the lower layer was very high, in Baekryunsa area, the coverage volume of the middle layer between 8 and 12m was the highest, and in Anseong area, the coverage volume of the upper layer over 18m was the highest. A total of 53 bird species were observed during the study period at the Deogyusan National Park. The numbers of species and density of areas were 25 species and 45.20 Ind./km for Hyangjeokbong area, 50 species and 58.63 Ind./km for Baekryunsa area and 35 species and 66.89 Ind./km for Anseong area, with Baekryunsa area showing the highest number of species and Anseong area showing the highest level of density. In terms of dominant species, in Hyangjeokbong area, Cettia diphone, along with species which inhabit in grassland and shrubs, were the dominant species, and species which live in the canopy layer, including the Aegithalos caudatus, were found to be dominant in Baekryunsa and Anseong areas. For guild structure, bush nesting guild and bush foraging guild species were the highest in all areas, and the hole nesting guild and the air foraging guild species showed the lowest proportion. This seems to be the result of the low number of trees with diameter at breast height of over 30cm, which results in the lack of nesting grounds for hole nesting guild species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.415-424
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• 2006

This study was carried out to analyze the characteristics of forest watershed factors by using the quantification theory(I) for evaluation and prediction of the failure hazard area. Present $sediment(m^3/yr/ha)$ of erosion control dams were investigated in 95 sites of erosion control dam constructed during 1986 to 1999 in Gyeongnam province. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; General condition of class I(Very hazard area) were as follow; Igneous rock in parent rock, coniferous in forest type, below 20year in stand age, below 30cm in soil depth, SCL in soil texture, $31{\sim}40%$ in gravel contents, $S{\sim}E$ in aspect, $2,501{\sim}3,600m$ in length of main stream, $26{\sim}30$ in number of total streams, $6,601{\sim}10,000m$ in length of total streams, over 3 in stream order, over 16 in number of first streams order and over $31^{\circ}$ of slope gradient. General condition of class IIl(hazard area) were as follow; Metamorphic rock in parent rock, hardwood in forest type, over $21{\sim}24year$ in stand age, $31{\sim}40cm$ in soil depth, SiCL or SCL in soil texture, $11{\sim}20%$ in gravel contents, $S{\sim}W$ in aspect, $1,501{\sim}2,600m$ in length of main stream, $6{\sim}10$ in number of total streams, $3,501{\sim}5,500m$ in length of total streams, 2 in stream order, $6{\sim}10$ in number of first streams order and over $31^{\circ}$ of slope gradient. General condition of class III(Un hazard area) were as follow; Sedimentary rock in parent rock, mixed in forest type, over 25year in stand age, $41{\sim}50cm$ in soil depth, SiCL in soil texture, below 10% in gravel contents, $N{\sim}W$ in aspect, below 500m in length of main stream, below 5 in number of total streams, below 1,000m in length of total treams, below 1 in stream order, below 2 in number of first streams order and below $25^{\circ}$ of slope gradient. The prediction method of suitable for failure hazard area divided into class I, II, and III for the convenience of use. The score of class I evaluated as a very hazard area was over 4.8052. A score of class II was 4.8051 to 2.5602, it was evaluated as a hazard area, and class III was below 2.5601, it was evaluated as a un hazard area.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.366-377
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• 2016

Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as an important ecological indicator which may provide information on the process-structure relationships associated with energy-matter-information flows in ecosystem. The WUE at ecosystem-level can be defined as the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET). In this study, KoFlux's long-term (2007-2015) eddy covariance measurements of $CO_2$ and water vapor fluxes were used to examine the WUE of needle fir plantation in Korea National Arboretum. Our objective is to ascertain the seasonality and inter-annual variability in WUE of this needle fir plantation so that the results may be assimilated into the development of a holistic ecological indicator for resilience assessment. Our results show that the WUE of needle fir plantation is characterized by a concave seasonal pattern with a minimum ($1.8-3.3g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$) in August and a maximum ($5.1-11.4g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$) in February. During the growing season (April to October), WUE was on average $3.5{\pm}0.3g\;C\;(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$. During the dormant seasons (November to March), WUE showed more variations with a mean of $7.4{\pm}1.0g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$. These values are in the upper ranges of WUE reported in the literature for coniferous forests in temperate zone. Although the growing season was defined as the period from April to October, the actual length of the growing season (GSL) varied each year and its variation explained 62% of the inter-annual variability of the growing season WUE. This is the first study to quantify long-term changes in ecosystem-level WUE in Korea and the results can be used to test models, remote-sensing algorithms and resilience of forest ecosystem.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.245-255
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• 2009

CN values are changed by various surface condition, which is cover type or treatment, hydrologic condition, or percent impervious area, even the same combination of land use and hydrologic soil group. In this study, CN parameters were regionalized for Nakdong River Basin by Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) coupled with SCE-UA, which is one of the global optimization technique. Six watersheds were selected for calibration (optimization) and periodic validation and two watersheds for spatical validation as ungauged watershed within Nakdong River Basin. Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) values were 0.66~0.86 for calibration, 0.68~0.91 for validation, and 0.60 and 0.85 for ungauged watersheds, respectively. Urban area for the selected watersheds covered high impervious area with 85% for residential area and 92% for commercial/industrial/transportation area. Hydrologic characteristics for crop area was similar to row crop with contoured treatment and poor hydrologic condition. For the forested area, hydrologic characteristics could be clearly distinguished from the leaf types of plant. Deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forest showed low, moderate, and high runoff rates by representing wood with fair and poor hydrologic condition, and wood-grass combination with fair hydrologic condition, respectively. CN parameters from this study could be strongly recommended to be used to simulate runoff for ungauged watershed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.391-396
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• 2009

The chemical compositions, and antibacterial and antifungal effects of essential oils extracted from three coniferous species, Pinus densiflora, Cryptomeria japonica, and Chamaecyparis obtusa, were investigated. Gas chromatography mass analysis of the essential oils revealed that the major components and the percentage of each essential oil were 16.66% $\beta$-phellandrene and 14.85% $\alpha$-pinene in P. densiflora; 31.45% kaur-16-ene and 11.06% sabinene in C. japonica; and 18.75% bicyclo [2,2,1] heptan-2-ol and 17.41% 2-carene in Ch. obtusa. The antimicrobial assay by agar disc diffusion method showed that $2.2{\mu}g$ of Ch. obtusa oil inhibited most effectively the growth of Escherichia coli ATCC 33312 and Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 10031, whereas the C. japonica oil gave weak antimicrobial activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) values for bacterial strains were in the range of 5.45-21.8 mg/ml depending on essential oils, but most Gram-negative bacteria were resistant even at 21.8 mg oil/ml. P. densiflora oil showed the most effective antifungal activity and the MIC values for Cryptococcus neoformans B42419 and Candida glabrata YFCC 062CCM 11658 were as low as 0.545 and 2.18 mg/ml, respectively. Cryp. neoformans B42419 was the most sensitive to all essential oils in the range of 0.545-2.18 mg/ml. Our data clearly showed that the essential oils from the three conifers had effective antimicrobial activity, especially against fungi.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.78-87
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• 1999

This study was aimed to establish the method and process of the Biotope Mapping System.(B.M.S.) The main aspects of research for biotope were divided by 4 schemes such as biosphere, geosphere, antroposphere and evaluation informations. The cartographic function of GIS(geographic information system) was also used to mapping them. The B.M.S. had been progressed with 5 steps : (1) making research goals, (2) constructing the graphic and attribute databases, (3) classifying 3 types of biotope such as tree/shrub biotop, grass biotop and wetland biotop. (4) cross-analyzing biotope types against land use, habitat characters, relief characters and danger/disturbance elements, (5) evaluating the biotope's potentialities. Only 3 steps of them were done in this study. The results of applicating the B.M.S on the research site as followings : 1. The interdisciplinary researches were needed to develop the B.M.S in Korea since ecological habitat conditions of Germany, England are differed from them of Korea. 2. The distributions of the land uses in Maejuri, Seunghwan eup in Chonan city were mainly recorded by forest(29.82%), orchard(14.11%) and landscaping around building site(9.05%). 3. The percentages of the Tree/Shrub Biotope type were ranged by the orchard type(23.8%), natural and artificial deciduous type with natural coniferous(23.6%) and etc. 4. The Grass Biotope type was mainly recorded by the wild grassland type(27.99%), garden type(14.21%) and peddy field with wild grassland(13.24%). 5. The distributions of the wetland were pointed high at the wetland type with reed marsh and edge vegetation around wetland(54.79%) and etc.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.179-189
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• 2008

Fauna of Shinpo nuclear powerplant site were surveyed during Feb 27-Mar 4, 2003 as a part of ecological environmental survey. This area is well dominated by coniferous trees (Pinus densiflora) aging 15-50 years. In the shoreline black pine (P. thungergii) is the dominant species and was planted for wind protection. Around Shinpo areas inside 50 km in radius was found 170 bird species (18 orders, 40 families) were recorded. Natural monument in the areas were included white-stork(Cygonia boyciana) estimated 8 species of birds. Although the habitat of Shinpo area is deteriorated due to deforestation, illegal hunting, etc. the fauna seems to be rich in species. Despite the sudden halt of KEDO(Korea Peninsula Energy Development Organization) project the conservation efforts and continuous monitoring are required considering a continuation of the project.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.149-149
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• 2003

To understand environmental paths of the transport and accumulation of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), a single cell multimedia fate model has been constructed and evaluated. The EDCs of concern were PAHs, Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs), PCBs, Alkyl phenols, and phthalates. An evaluation model was designed for the multimedia distribution, including air, water, soil, sediment and vegetation. This model was verified using reported values and via monitoring data. Based on collected data, the distribution trends of EDCs with respect to environmental media were analyzed. Those results have applied to the model for the prediction of the spatial and temporal distribution of EDCs in Seoul. Especially, phenol compound, phthalates, PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides were estimated and the model was verified. This model was successfully conducted to environmental media, such as air (vapor and suspended particles), soils (forest soil, bare soil, and cement-concrete covered soil), water (dissolved and suspended solids), sediment, trees (deciduous and coniferous). The discrepancies between the model prediction and the measured data are approximately within or near a factor of 10 for the PAHs of three rings through that of six rings, implying that multimedia distribution of the PAHs could be predicted with a factor of 10. Concerning about the air equilibrium may be assumed, a fugacity at steady state is similar in all environmental media. Considering the uncertainties of this model, the use of equilibrium models may be sufficient for assessing chemical fates. In this study, a suggestion was made that modeling and estimation of chemicals in environmental multimedia be rigorously evaluated using the measured flux data. In addition, these data should be obtained, for example, from the precise and standardized inventory of the target chemicals. The model (EDC Seoul) will be refined in an on-going research effort and will be used to support decision-making concerning the management of EDCs.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.87-98
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• 2014

This study is to identify quantitatively the function of carbon dioxide emissions reduction due to temperature and energy reduction according to direct carbon dioxide storage, shade provision, and evaportanspiration of urban park. According to the result of study, landscape tree indicated high carbon dioxide storage effect compare to bush, in which broadleaf tree indicated higher storage function than coniferous tree. It is believed to be the storage of carbon dioxide can be increased by increasing the composition rate of forest plants in the urban park. According to the direct estimation result of carbon dioxide storage in terms of example area, storage of carbon dioxide is estimated to be "seoul a zone" $476,818.8kg{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "anyang b zone" $186,435.7{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "daejeon c zone" $262,826{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "kwangju d zone" $231,657.8{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$. The carbon dioxide storage per unit area estimated to be "seoul a zone" $3.4{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "anyang b zone" $5.0{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "daejeon c zone" $2.6{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "kwangju d zone" $5.6{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$. The result of indirect carbon dioxide reduction effect estimated to be "seoul a zone" $291,603.4{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "anyang b zone" $165,462.4{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "daejeon c zone" $141,719.2{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$, "kwangju d zone" $154,803.4{\cdot}CO_2/m^2yr$. Carbon dioxide reduction potential amount through the urban park was increased to 1.6 times to 1.8 times when calculated to the indirect effect.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.19-32
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• 2009

This research has a significant meaning to break from the urban ecology-oriented biotope research and realize the importance of rural landscape as a reserve area for systemizing the types of rural biotope. The results are as follows. First of all, items for classification of 16 rural biotope areas are designed and total 9 itmes in slope from spatial structural point of view and 7 items in minute-variety from functional point of view. Also, as the result of on-site research on case areas based on classified items, there are 46 types of rural biotope such as coniferous forest, hedgerow and so on. For example, it is proven that uncultivated stripe showed the most frequent emergence. As a result of cluster analysis of average linkage method between clusters, 12 clusters are classified as a clusters and 13 biotope types are re-corrected and complemented through brainstorming process and then total 12 clusters are selected as final rural biotope type groups. As a rural biotope type cluster and character analysis according to types based on on-site research and documentary survey, for example, it is analyzed that the ratio of transmissible covering ratio is 100%, the ratio of green coverage is 90% in 'woodland in cultivated area biotope type cluster'.