• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.22-29
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• 2020

In this study, combustion and smoke release characteristics of a non-class 1E cable for nuclear power plants were investigated according to aging period. The aging was reproduced through an accelerated aging method for interval of 10 years :10, 20, 30 and 40 year, which was applied the Arrhenius equation. The cable was subjected to accelerated aging. In order to understand combustion and smoke release characteristics, the cone calorimeter test was performed according to the standard code of KS F ISO 5660-1. Heat release rate, mass loss rate, average rate of heat emission and smoke production rate were examined through cone calorimeter test. Fire performance index, fire growth index and smoke factor were derived from test results for the comparison of quantitative fire risk. When comparing the fire performance index and the fire growth index, the early fire risk tends to decrease as aging progresses, which might be attributed from the fact that the volatile substances of cables were evaporated. However, when comparing the heat release rate, average rate of heat emission and mass loss rate, which represent the mid and late periods of the fire risk, the values of accelerated aging cables were much higher than those of non-aged cable, which signifies the unstable formation of the char layer resulted in the change in the performance of flame retardants. In addition, the results from the smoke characteristics show that the accelerated aging cables were lager than the non-aged cables in terms of overall fire risk. These results can be used as baseline data when assessing fire risk of cables and establishing fire safety code for nuclear power plants.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.79-84
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• 2012

Combustion characteristics of outdoor advertisement materials were evaluated for fire risk assessment about fire expanding. At this study, the flame retardancy and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was measured by UL 94 and ASTM D 2863 respectively. At the result of flame retardancy, foamex was V-0 grade and those of others were out of grade. LOI measurement showed that the LOI of foamex was highest in the samples. The cone calorimeter test was done by ISO 5660-1 to find the combustion characteristics. The cone calorimeter test showed that the outdoor advertisement materials were not good to prevent of fire expanding. The time to ignition (TTI) of flex was the fastest and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) as well as the total heat release (THR) of acrylic panel was higher than those of others.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2012

In this research, aluminum composite panels of the general materials and fire retardant materials as building claddings make researches about fire performance comparison analysis. Test methods of the small and medium cone calorimeter experiments and SBI (Single Burning Item) experiments was applied to the determination. As a result, in the experiments peak heat release rate cone calorimeter the general aluminum composite panel $1,293kW/m^2$ ($75kW/m^2$), flame-retardant aluminum composite panel $70kW/m^2$ ($75kW/m^2$) was measured. In the SBI experiments fire growth rate the general fire aluminum composite panel is approximately 743 W/s and the flame-retardant aluminum composite panel is approximately 97 W/s of the value were measured. Thus, a standards enactment are urgently required in this case it is used as building claddings of the aluminum composite panel by fire risk assessment.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.76-84
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• 2003

This study was designed to investigate fire characteristics of the plastics insulating materials such as a polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam, and polyethylene foam, which is used an insulating materials i3t workplace. The fire characteristics of plastic insulating materials were carried out from the Cone Calorimeter test according to ISO 5660. The experimental materials used were commercial plastic insulating materials by products and their composition is not disclosed by the manufacturer. As the results of this study; the heat release rate of plastic insulating materials was increased with increasing density and heat flux. The peak heat release rate and the average heat release rate for the polyethylene foam in insulating materials were showed the highest, and the peak heat release rate for the polyethylene foam was the highest. The standard of heat release rate with a kind of products and heat flux of irradiance to prevent fire by plastic insulating materials was suggested.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.412-425
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• 2004

The influence of expandable graphite (EG) on flame retardancy and foaming properties of the NBR/GTR foams was studied. The foaming properties were similar to those of NBR/GTR foams without EG when the EG contents were 10$\~$30 phr. The LOI values were increased with the EG content. For cone-calorimeter test, the data showed the trend similar to that from experiment. When the composition ratios of the compounds of NBR/GTR were 100$\~$0/80$\~$20 (w/w), and the EG contents were 10$\~$30 phr, we obtained high flame retardancy foams with low heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), effective heat of combustion (EHC) and carbon monoxide yield (COY). The smoke density is similar to CO yield values obtained by the cone-calorimeter test. TGA analysis also showed the results approximately similar to those from the LOI and cone-calorimeter experiments.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

In this study, the burning behaviours of five different kinds of carpet samples covered with nylon, PP (polypropylene), PTT (poly(trimethylene terephthalate)), wool fabric and NW (nylon and wool) were evaluated by using the cone calorimeter having a radiant flux of 50kW/$m^2$. And the combustion gas toxicity was evaluated according to KS F 2271 test method. As a result of the cone calorimeter test (KS F ISO 5660-1), nylon carpet samples were ignited most easily. In ignition ability or initial flammability, NW carpet samples showed the highest value. In heat release rate (HRR), fire intensity, PP carpet samples were larger than any other samples. Nylon carpet samples were the highest smoke production rate, while N/W carpet samples the lowest. The following were in mass loss rates: NW > wool > nylon > PP > PTT. CO (carbon monoxide) was one of the most toxic gases released from the combustion. PTT carpet samples gave rise to the highest CO concentration, while NW carpet samples the lowest. In addition, PP carpet samples caused the highest $CO_2$ (carbon dioxide) concentration, while NW carpet samples the lowest. Toxicity of the gas produced from carpet samples was determined by the mouse stop motion, and it resulted in the fact that the combustion gas of PTT carpet samples was more toxic than that of any other samples.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.314-317
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• 2011

최근 국내 장애인 복합시설의 증가와 함께 많은 사고 사례가 발생하고 있다. 하지만 장애인 시설 화재시 재실자가 장애인으로 비장애인 보다 피난 효율이 저하되어 수 많은 인재가 발생하고 있다. 따라서 장애인시설 피난 방화와 관련하여 강화된 규정이 필요하고 많은 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 이에 따라 국내 장애인복합시설을 대상으로 가연물 조사와 Cone Calorimeter 실험을 통해 화재하중과 가연물 연소성상 등을 연구 분석한 결과 장애인 시설의 화재하중이 공동주택보다 높다는 것을 확인하였다. Cone Calorimeter 실험을 통해서 6개 시료 중 4개의 시료가 기준치 이상의 발열량을 보였고, 방염블라인드의 경우 Co, $CO_2$ 유해연기의 검출량이 기준치 이상으로 그 위험성을 확인 할 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.28-33
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• 2017

In this study, the composite material of expandable graphite was made to the material development for improving such as a composite material of the sandwich panels or material properties of a fire door and was tested by the ISO 1182, ISO 5660-1(Cone calorimeter Method). For the test, the composite material of expandable graphite, what the expandable graphite ratio was increased by respectively 0g~30g, was classified A1,A2, A3, A4, and made to the test specimens. Through cone calorimeter test, peak heat release rate(HRR) and total heat release(THR), expanded thickness and expansion rate of each composite material of expandable graphite, and fire prone crack and mass loss rate after burning was measured. Thus, the effect of the addition of the expandable graphite and whether is suitable for reference as a fire retardant, was analyzed. Consequently the correlation of THR and fire retardant performance rate was confirmed.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2009

In this study, the combustion properties, which are called the reaction-to-fire's performance, of sandwich panels were tested and analyzed according to both ISO 5660 (cone calorimeter method) and EN 13823 (SBI). Several variables including ignition time, mass loss, heat release rate, smoke production rate and $O_2$ density about four sandwich panels and four core materials (thermal insulation material) were evaluated. Combustion properties' similarity and difference of sandwich panels and core materials were compared by materials and test methods respectively. Finally test results were evaluated by Japanese standard building code, National Building code of Canada and EN 13501-1 as well.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.8-13
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• 2018

It was conceived from the realization that there was a lack of studies on the fire risk compared to utility and importance of plastic which is widely used. In this study, the fire hazard of five types of plastic products was measured by Cone Calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). As a result, the time to ignition (TTI) of polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) plate delayed TTI (196 s), and polystyrene (PS) plate had the shortest TTI of 19 s. The total heat release (THR) of PS plate was measured at 213.07 % higher than the lowest measured PVC plate. Also, the PS plate will have 1.45 to 4.21 times higher $CO_2$ than other plastics, resulting in the highest incomplete combustion and the greatest possible damage of life. Thus, assessing the risk of fire revealed that PS plate is the most dangerous and PVC is the safest.