• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.131-135
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• 2004

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the effects of diagnostic sonography in pediatric patients with inguinal hernias. The patients were classified into two groups. Group A included the patients who had been operated upon for inguinal hernia in 1980's, when diagnostic sonography was not available. Group B included the patients, operated upon for inguinal hernia from 2001 to 2002, when inguinal sonography was employed to detect potential bilateral hernias. The age distribution, sex ratio, laterality, bilaterality, and concomitant symptoms were compared between group A and group B. There were 296 cases in group A and 377 cases in group B. The prevalent age group was from 1 to 5 years. There was no difference in age group distribution between both groups. The male to female ratio was 5.3:1 in group A and 3.5:1 in group B. The ratio of unilateral to bilateral hernia was 5:1 in group A and 3:1 in group B. In cases with a unilateral hernia, the ratio of right to left was 1.5:1 in group A and 1.8:1 in group B. In cases with bilateral hernia, the simultaneous bilateral hernia was 33 cases (67.4 %) in group A and 75 cases (80.6 %) in group B. The sequential bilateral hernia was 16 cases (32.7 %) in group A and 18 cases (19.4 %) in group B. Although the ratio of bilateral hernia was increased in group B, the portion of the sequential bilateral hernia was significantly decreased in group B. In conclusion, there were no differences in the age distribution and the laterality between group A and B. The ratio of female patients and the incidence of bilateral hernia were increased in group B even though the portion of the sequential bilateral hernia was decreased. This result shows that the preoperative inguinal sonography in unilateral hernia with potential bilateral hernia is useful in early detection of the sequential contralateral hernia.

• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1999

The effects of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 22:6n-3) on the phospholipase $A_2$ ($PLA_2$)-mediated release of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) were studied in kidney microsomes from rats fed diets containing sunflower oil (SO) or fish oil (FO) concentrate for 11 months. The amounts of AA released by the endogenous $PLA_2$ enzyme were significantly lower by 38% in the FO, compared to the SO-fed rats (23.2 nmol versus 60.7 nmol AA released/mg protein/h in the FO- and SO-treated groups, respectively). The FO-derived microsomes released less linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and adrenic acid (22:4n-6), but larger amounts of the n-3 fatty acids, including EPA, DHA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3), and 20:4n-3 than the SO-derived microsomes. A similar replacement of the AA and adrenic acid with the n-3 fatty acids including EPA and DHA was also observed in the microsomal phospholipid fraction from the FO-fed rats relative to the SO-treated group. The results suggest that the $PLA_2$-mediated release of AA is reduced and that of EPA is increased in compensation for AA decline in kidney microsomes from FO-fed rats (0.7 nmol EPA/mg protein/h versus 22.7 nmol EPA/mg protein/h for the SO and FO-treated groups). Replacement of the n-6 with n-3 fatty acids may explain the reduced synthesis of the AA-derived prostaglandins and the concomitant rise in the EPA-derived prostaglandins observed in kidneys of FO-treated rats.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.129-148
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• 2007

Recent reform movement in mathematics education has focused not only on the curriculum development but also on teachers' learning or professional development. Whereas various theoretical paradigms call for different programs of professional development for teachers, one of the common emphases is on the pedagogical content knowledge [PCK] which encompasses contents and methods to teach. Against this background, this study developed comprehensive instructional materials for the purpose of fostering PCK in mathematics for elementary school teachers with 17 essential learning themes such as fraction, plane geometry, and area. Each loaming theme was first summarized on the basis of literature reviews and surveys in terms of knowledge in mathematics contents, knowledge in teaching methods, and knowledge in students' mathematical understanding and learning. Each theme was then analyzed in detail on how it was represented in the national curriculum and its concomitant textbooks along with workbooks. Finally, this report included a reconstruction of one unit in textbooks per each learning theme, followed by teaching notes and suggestions from classroom implementation. This was intended for teachers to apply what they might loam from this material to their actual mathematics instruction. Given the page limit, this paper dealt only with the learning theme of ratio.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.1177-1183
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• 2002

We investigated the effects of Sabaek-san (SBS) water extract on the cell proliferation of human lung carcinoma A549 cells. SBS treatment resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. This anti-proliferative effect of A549 cells by SBS treatment was associated with morphological changes such as membrane shrinking and cell rounding up. DNA flow cytometric histograms showed that population of G1 phase of the cell cycle was increased by SBS treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. SBS treatment induced a marked accumulation of tumor suppressor p53 and a concomitant induction of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP, which appears to be transcriptionally upregulated and is p53 dependent. In addition, SBS treatment resulted in down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as determined by RT-PCR analysis. The present results indicated that SBS-induced inhibition of lung cancer cell proliferation is associated with the blockage of G1/S progression the induction of apoptosis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.112-112
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• 2001

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental toxin that activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and disrupts multiple endocrine signaling pathways by enhancing ligand metabolism, altering hormone synthesis, down regulating receptor levels, and interfering with gene transcription. And TCDD-mediated gene transactivation via the AhR has been shown to be dependent upon estrogen receptor (ER) expression in human breast cancer cells. In the present study, we have examined the effect of natural estrogen, phytoestrognes and environmental estrogens on the regulation of CYP1A1 gene expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. that ER and AhR are co-expressed. pCYP1A1 -luc reporter gene was transiently transfected into MCF-7 cells. These cells were treated with various chemicals and then luciferase assay was carried out. 17be1a-estradiol significantly inhibited TCDD stimulated luciferase activity dose dependently and this inhibition was partially recovered by concomitant treatment of tamoxifen. 17beta-estradiol metabolites, 2-hydroxyestradiol and 16alpha-estriol resulted in less potent inhibitory effect than estradiol and synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (DES) showed no effect on CYP1A1 gene expression. This study demonstrated that estrogen down-regulated TCDD stimulated CYP1A1 expression via ER mediation. And we have found out that several flavonoids such as genistein, kaempferol, daidzein, naringenin, and alkylphenols such as nonylphenol, 4-octylphenol and resveratrol also inhibited TCDD induced CYP1A1 expression like estrogen.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.626-633
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• 2003

The effects of bromate administration on glutathione were studied in rats. The contents of glutathione in the liver and kidney were significantly decreased but the alteration was not significant in lung and blood by bromate adminstration. The decrease occurred without concomitant increases in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) or in the GSSG/GSH＋GSSG ratio. The activities of $\gamma-glutamyl$ cysteine synthetase in the liver and kidney were decreased by bromate administration. $\gamma-Glutamyl$ transpeptidase activities was significantly decreased in the kidney and not significantly decreased in the lung of bromate treated-rats. These results suggest that the decreased synthesis of glutathione by bromate may be an important reason for the decreased level of glutathione in the liver and kidney, thus the decreased glutathione transport would be a factor on the changes of glutathione contents in bromate-treated rats.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.86-95
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• 2003

Potential mechanisms by which vitamin E improves oxidative stability of myoglobin are documented. The basis by which this lipid-soluble antioxidant, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, protects water-soluble oxymyoglobin is beginning to be understood. Recent evidence suggests that ${\alpha}$-tocopherol delays the release of prooxidative products of lipid oxidation from biomembranes, which in turn delays oxymyoglobin oxidation and the concomitant loss of desirable beef color. ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$-Unsaturated aldehydes are one class of lipid oxidation products that enhance oxymyoglobin oxidation in vitro and appear to act by covalently binding to the protein. If ${\alpha}$-tocopherol delays the formation of these reactive aldehydes, then this could inhibit the prooxidative effect of these oxidation products toward oxymyoglobin. Additionally, ${\alpha}$-tocopherol may exert part of its color-stabilizing effect in beef by enhancing the metmyoglobin reduction.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.577-582
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• 1995

Sixty ram lambs, weighting 23.5 kg, were randomly assigned in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement of two dietary energy (high; 11.7 and low; 9.0 MJ ME/kg DM) and three levels of poultry offal meal supplementation (0, 5 and 10%). Lambs were fed ad libitum for 120-day before slaughter. At slaughter, half the lambs in each dietary treatment group were randomly selected for electrical stimulation of their undressed carcasses. The M. Biceps femoris pH and temperatures were monitored at 1, 3, 5, 8 and 24 h postmortem. At 24 h postmortem, the M. biceps femoris was removed from the fight side of each carcass and steaks were obtained for determination of Warner-Bratzler shear force, collagen content and collagen solubility. The results showed that temperature and pH values during the 24-h postmortem were consistently higher (p < .01) and lover (p < .01), respectively, for M. biceps femoris from lambs fed high energy diets than for those fed on low energy diets. Muscles from high energy fed lambs had lower (p < .01) shear force values and higher (p < .01) percent soluble collagen than for low energy fed lambs; total collagen content was not significantly influenced by dietary energy level. Increased the level of poultry offal meal supplementation in the diet to 10% was associated with concomitant increases (p < .01) in muscle tenderness and percent soluble collagen. Electrical stimulation (ES) of carcasses resulted in a lower shear force values for the M. biceps femoris than in non-stimulated carcasses (Non-ES); total collagen content and percent soluble collagen were not significantly affected by ES treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.343-350
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• 2015

Cocoa pod is among the by-products of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) plantations. The aim of this study was to apply a number of treatments in order to improve nutritional quality of cocoa pod for feeding of ruminants. Cocoa pod was subjected to different treatments, i.e. C (cocoa pod without any treatment or control), CAm (cocoa pod+1.5% urea), CMo (cocoa pod+3% molasses), CRu (cocoa pod+3% rumen content) and CPh (cocoa pod+3% molasses+Phanerochaete chrysosporium inoculum). Analysis of proximate and Van Soest's fiber fraction were performed on the respective treatments. The pods were then subjected to an in vitro digestibility evaluation by incubation in rumen fluid-buffer medium, employing a randomized complete block design (n = 3 replicates). Further, an in vivo evaluation of the pods (35% inclusion level in total mixed ration) was conducted by feeding to young Holstein steers (average body weight of $145{\pm}3.6kg$) with a $5{\times}5$ latin square design arrangement (n = 5 replicates). Each experimental period lasted for 30 d; the first 20 d was for feed adaptation, the next 3 d was for sampling of rumen liquid, and the last 7 d was for measurements of digestibility and N balance. Results revealed that lignin content was reduced significantly when cocoa pod was treated with urea, molasses, rumen content or P. chrysosporium (p<0.01) with the following order of effectiveness: CPh>CAm>CRu>CMo. Among all treatments, CAm and CPh treatments significantly improved the in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility (p<0.05) of cocoa pod. Average daily gain of steers receiving CAm or CPh treatment was significantly higher than that of control (p<0.01) with an increase of 105% and 92%, respectively. Such higher daily gain was concomitant with higher N retention and proportion of N retention to N intake in CAm and CPh treatments than those of control (p<0.05). It can be concluded from this study that treatment with either urea or P. chrysosporium is effective in improving the nutritive value of cocoa pod.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7575-7582
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• 2015

Cyclin E, a key coordinator of the G1 to S transition in the cell cycle, may be deregulated in several malignancies, including breast cancer. The most significant aberration in cyclin E is its elastase mediated proteolytic cleavage into tumor specific low molecular weight isoforms (LMW-Es). LMW-Es are biochemically hyperactive and biologically drive tumorigenesis in transgenic mouse models. Additionally, expression of LMW-Es has been correlated with poor survival in breast cancer cases. Here we determine whether expression of LMW-Es in a breast cancer cell line that is naturally devoid of these deregulated forms would alter their progression through each phase of the cell cycle. The results revealed that LMW-Es expression resulted in an increased doubling time, concomitant with a predominant increase in the population in the S phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, downregulation of p53 in LMW-Es cells resulted in additional shortening of the doubling time and enrichment of cells in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Furthermore, expression of LMW-Es sensitized cells to ${\beta}$-estradiol (E2) mediated growth and changed expression patterns of estrogen receptor and Bcl-2. Intriguingly, expression of LMW-Es could surpass anti-apoptotic effects raised by p53 upregulation. Taken together these studies suggest that overexpression of LMW-Es in collaboration with p53 loss results in altered g rowth properties of MCF-7 cells, enhancing the oncogenic activity of these ER positive breast cancer cells.