• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.298-306
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• 2017

Background: Compound K (CK) is a bioactive derivative of ginsenoside Rb1 in Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng). Its biological and pharmacological activities have been studied in various disease conditions, although its immunomodulatory role in innate immunity mediated by monocytes/macrophages has been poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the regulatory role of CK on cellular events mediated by monocytes and macrophages in innate immune responses. Methods: The immunomodulatory role of CK was explored by various immunoassays including cell-cell adhesion, fibronectin adhesion, cell migration, phagocytic uptake, costimulatory molecules, reactive oxygen species production, luciferase activity, and by the measurement of mRNA levels of proinflammatory genes. Results: Compound K induced cell cluster formation through cell-cell adhesion, cell migration, and phagocytic activity, but it suppressed cell-tissue interactions in U937 and RAW264.7 cells. Compound K also upregulated the surface expression of the cell adhesion molecule cluster of differentiation (CD) 43 (CD43) and costimulatory molecules CD69, CD80, and CD86, but it downregulated the expression of monocyte differentiation marker CD82 in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, CK induced the release of reactive oxygen species and induced messenger RNA expression of proinflammatory genes, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by enhancing the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activities of nuclear factor kappa-B and activator protein-1. Conclusion: Our results suggest that CK has an immunomodulatory role in innate immune responses through regulating various cellular events mediated by monocytes and macrophages.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.353-358
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• 2007

국내에서 생산된 사료(2006-2007) 중 253점(배합사료 194, 단미사료 59)의 사료에서 오크라톡신의 오염도를 조사하였다. 단미사료 중 OTA오염도는 27%이었고 오염농도는 OTA 0.27-3.39 ppb 수준이었다. 배합사료에서 OTA 오염도가 76%로 나타났으며, 평균 0.21-13.64 ppb 수준의 검출농도로 분석되었다. 모든 사료 중 젖소사료(96%)> 닭사료(85%)> 돼지사료(79%) 순으로 OTA이 오염되어 있는 것으로 나타났으며, OTA평균오염농도는 고기소 사료(2.2 ppb)에서 가장 높았으며, 젖소사료(1.6 ppb), 박류(1.2 ppb)순으로 감소되는 것으로 나타났다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.53-57
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• 1997

For the purpose of defining the effects of the N-substituted alkyl groups on the anticonvulsant activities of N-Cbz-.alpha.-aminosuccinimides, various (R)- and (S)-N-alkyl substituted N-Cbz-.alpha.-aminosuccinimides (1 and 2) were prepared from the corresponding (R)- and (S)-N-Cbz-aspartic acid by using known reaction and were evaluated the anticonvulsant activies in the MES and PTZ tests, including their neurotoxicities. The most active compound in the MES test was (R)N-Cbz-.alpha.-amino-N-methylsuccinimide (1b) $(ED_{50}=52.5 mg/kg, Pl=3.2)$. And in case of the PTZ test, (R)-N-Cbz-.alpha.-amino-N-ethylsuccinimide (1c) was the most active compound $(ED_{50}/=32.5mg/kg, Pl=3.1)$. The order of anticonvulsant activities of these compounds against the MES test, as judged from the ED_50values for the R series (1), was N-methyl > N-isobutyl > non-substituted > N-ethyl, N-allyl > N-benzyl compound; for the S series (2) N-methyl > N-altyl > non-substituted > N-isobutyl > N-ethyl > N-benzyl compound. The anticonvulsant activities in the PTZ tests of these compounds exhibited somewhat different pattern ; for the R series (1) Nethyl > N-methyl > N-isobutyl> non-substituted > N-allyl > N-benzyl compound in order of decreasing activity; for S series (2) N-ethyl > N-allyl, non-substituted > N-isobutyl > N-methyl > N-benzyl compound in order of decreasing activity.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.215-223
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• 1992

This study has been performed to investigate into some effects of temperature, gas mixing ratio and time on the optical microstructure, hardness and wear characteristics of medium carbon alloy steel treated by plasma nitriding. The results obtained from the experiment are summarized as follows: (1) Optical micrographs of AISI 4140 steel plasma-nitrided by the double stage technique have revealed that the nitrided layer is composed of the compound layer and the diffusion layer. The variation in temperature at the first stage gives effects, on the formation of compound layer and the growth rate is shown to be relatively fast at $460^{\circ}C$. (2) The thickness of compound layer has been found to increase with increasing nitrogen percentage in the gas mixture and the holding time. It is therefore recommended that a shorter holding time and a lower nitrogen percentage are more effective to produce a tougher compound layer and a diffusion layer only. (3) X-ray diffraction analysis for AISI 4140 steel has shown that the compound layer consist of ${\gamma}^{\prime}-Fe_4N$ and ${\alpha}-Fe$ and that tough compound layer diffustion layer only can be obtained by the double stage plasmanitriding process. (4) There is also a tendency that the total hardened layer depth increases with increasing temperature, time and nitrogen percentage in the first stage during the double stage plasma nitriding. (5) The wear resistance of plasma nitrided specimens has been found thobe considerably increased compared to the untreated specimens and the amount of increment has appeared to increase further with increasing nitriding temperature, holding time and notrogen percentage of gas mixture in the first stage treatment.

• 약학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.679-683
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• 1996

The current study evaluates the capacity of eugenol to regulate immediate allergic reaction by control of histamine release. Administrations of eugenol (1M/kg, i.p.) at 60 min b efore and 5, 10 min after the compound 48/80 treatment (8mg/kg, i.p.) were shown the mortality rates as 0, 44.4, and 77.8%, respectively. A 60 min before administered group revealed a significant inhibition of serum histamine release compared with those of 5 and 10 min after the compound 48/80 injection. Eugenol (6-48mM) was also showed a dose-dependent activity on the compound 48/80-induced histamine release from the highly purified population of Alcian Blue-positive peritonea] mast cells. These results indicate that in vitro treatment with exogenous eugenol inhibited the active response of mast cell populations and modulated its characteristics.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.629-636
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• 2012

Ginsenosides, ginseng saponin, are the principal components responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities of ginseng. In order to improve absorption and biological activities, the biotransformation of major ginsenoside to minor ginsenoside, as the more active compound, is required. In this study, we isolated Lactobacillus brevis THK-D57, which has high ${\beta}$-glycosidase activity, from Kimchi. The major ginsenoside Rb1 was converted to the minor ginsenoside 'compound K' during the fermentation of L. brevis THK-D57. The results propose that the biotransformation pathway to produce compound K is as follows: ginsenoside $Rb_1{\rightarrow}ginsenoside$ $Rd{\rightarrow}ginsenoside$ $F_2{\rightarrow}ginsenoside$ compound K.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.44-48
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• 2003

The effect of aqueous extract of Stachys riederi var. japonica Miq. (Labiatae) (SRAE) on the immediate-type allergic reactions was investigated. SRAE was found to exhibit a inhibitory activity on the compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis in mice. SRAE inhibited the plasma histamine release induced by compound 48/80 in mice. In addition, SRAE also inhibited the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction induced by IgE/anti-IgE in mice. The effect of SRAE on the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) was studied. SRAE inhibited the histamine release induced by compound 48/80 in RPMC. To clarify the mechanism of these inhibiting reactions, we investigated the effects of SRAE on cyclic AMP (cAMP). The level of cAMP in human leukemia cell line, HMC-1, when SRAE (1 mg/ml) was added, significantly increased compared with that of basal cells. These results indicate that SRAE may be beneficial in the treatment of immediate-type allergic reaction.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.20-28
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• 1999

Chloronicotinyl 유도체의 기본 골격인 3-pyridylmethylamine의 amine기를 phosphite group으로 치환하여 chloronicotinyl 유도체를 합성하였고, 이들의 살충활성과 살균활성을 확인하였다. 살충활성 검정 결과, 500 ppm 에서 phosphonate에 methyl기와 butyl기가 치환된 compound 4와 2개의 butyl, 2,2,2-trifluorotehtyl, 2-ethylhexyl, phenyl기가 치환된 compound 5, 6, 7, 8이 벼멸구에 대해서 90%의 살충활성을 나타내었다. 그러나 이들 화합물들은 배추좀나방과 두점박이응애에 대해서는 낮은 살충활성을 나타내었으며, phosphonate에 halogen이나 heterocycle이 치환된 compound $10{\sim}21$에서도 벼멸구, 배추좀나방, 담배거세미나방, 두점박이응애, 복숭아혹진딧물에 대하여 거의 살충활성을 나타내지 않았다. Chloronicotinyl 유도체의 벼도열병균, 벼문고병균, 오이잿빛 곰팡이병균, 토마토역병균, 밀녹병균, 보리흰가루병균에 대한 살균활성을 검정한 결과, 10 ppm에서 phosphonate에 butyl기와 4-nitrophenyl기가 치환된 compound 10이 벼도열병균에 대해 86%의 살균활성을 보였다. 인 함유 chloronicotinyl 유도체들 중 일부가 높은 살균활성을 나타낸다는 것은 이 유도체들이 신규 살균제로 개발될 가능성이 있다는 것을 시사하고 있다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2000

띠미로버섯의 에탄올 추출물 중 25-Epi, $3{\alpha}-carboxyacetylquercinic$ acid의 두 구조, 항균활성 및 항암활성을 연구하였다. 화합물 1의 녹는점과 분자량은 각각 $167{\sim}168^{\circ}C$, 572였고, 몰 흡광 계수는 208 nm에서 5,040이었다. 여러 분광학적 성질로부터 이는 24S, 25S, $3{\alpha}-carboxyacetylquercinic$ acid로 확인되었고, 곰팡이, 효모 및 세균들에 대한 항균활성과 항암활성($IC_{50}=64.5\;{\mu}M$)이 있었다. 화합물 2의 녹는점, 분자량 및 몰흡광 계수는 각각 $233{\sim}235^<\circ}$, 572 및 208 nm에서 5,080이었다. 이는 24S, 25R, $3{\alpha}-carboxyacetylquercinic$ acid로 확인되었고, 화합물 1과 서로 다른 항균활성을 보였다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.99-103
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• 1988

With a purpose of finding out the effects of magnesium and boron enriched organic-compound fertilizer application on qualities of grasses on the hilly pasture, a field experiment was arranged with five dilferent treatments as a randomized block design and lasted from September, 1984 to the end of growing season in 1986. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Mean chemical components except NFE of grasses at the plots with organic-compound fertilizer application were appeared to contain slightly high comparing to single dressing. 2. Production of DCP with organic-compound fertilizer (1,170.2 kg/ha) was significanty increased by 20% comparing to single dressing (975.7 kg/ha) in the conventional fertilization level (P<0.05), but it was not significantly different between them in the low dressing level. 3. Production of energies (TDN, StE and NEL) with organiccompound fertilizer of low and conventional dressing level were appeared to increase by 10 and 13 to 15% than those of single dressing of the same levels, respectively. But it was not significant difference. 4. Like single dressing nutrient productions with organic-compound fertilizer were appeared significantly high due to increasing of dressing gradually (P<0.05-0.01). 5. Mineral contents of P and Mg at the plots with organic-compound fertilizer were a little higher, on the other hand, K, C/P and K/Ca + Mg equivalent ratio were slightly lower than those of single dressing, but the content of Ca tended to similar between them.