• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate plant growth responses and characteristics of composting poultry manure with peatmoss and cocopeat as bulking agent. Treatments were designed as follows; only poultry manure (OP), sawdust+poultry manure (SP), peatmoss+poultry manure (PP), and cocopeat+poultry manure (CP). Period maintained $50^{\circ}C$ over in compost pile of PP and CP was 35 days that longer about 10 days than that of OP or SP, and water content of PP and CP after composting 45 days 50% that was higher about 10%. While poultry manure composted, EC values of PP and CP were higher than that of SP, and pH and OM/N ratio not significant. After finished composting poultry, physicochemical properties of dried all composts were matched on Korean fertilizer guideline. As compared with OP or SP, applications of PP and CP were improved growth and productivity of lettuce, kale and mustard leaf.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

Agricultural recycling of livestock wastes by composting has lots of beneficial effects on crop production and soil fertility. Most of composts are made from pig manure and water content controller such as saw dust, bark, rice hulls etc. by aerobic processing. But the insufficient supply of saw dust, bark etc. cause the indiscreet use of industrial waste having heavy metals and toxic synthetic chemicals. This research investigated the present quality status of organic by-product fertilizers, and suggested the way of quality interpretation under the statistical approaches based on median, mean and weighted average value. Since the data of one hundred of samples for heavy metal contents (Cd, Pb, Cu, and Cr) and OM/N showed extremely left-skewed distribution, the median was more useful than the mean in representing the characteristics of distribiition for each items. The weighted average value will be a useful index for the quality based on the total amount of producing.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1126-1135
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• 2012

In order to produce high-quality fermenting composts, bacteria strains with high activities of extracellular enzymes (cellulase, chitinase, amylase, protease and lipase) were isolated from the soils in 6 provinces of Korea, and characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and properties. The selected 7 stains inoculated to livestock manure for 2' fermenting time, and experimental treatment divided into 3 groups, B1, B2 and B3, according to microbial activity and enzyme type. Our results showed that microbe applications (B1, B2 and B3) can increase (p<0.05) both rhizomes (17-38%) and enzyme activities (50-81%) in compost after fermenting time, respectively, compared to non-microbe treatment (control). The microbe application also decreased significantly (p<0.05) the $NH_3$ and $H_2S$ gas contents 13.4 and 27.3% compared with control, and the Propionic acid and Butyric acid gas contents 14.5 and 19.6%, respectively, as compared to the control. The microbial degradation rate (%) of pesticides and heavy metals increased significantly (p<0.05) after fermenting time, respectively, as compared to the control. Especially, microbe applications were more effective in total rhizomes yields and bioactivities than non-microbe treatment. Thus the results of this study could help in development of potential bioinoculants and composting techniques that maybe suitable for crop production, and protectable for earth environment under various conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.319-323
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects and properties of organic materials, the fermented fowl droppings composts and the top viviparous malleatuses, utilizable for rice farming. At the 35th day after transplanting, the growth of rice plants was good in the order of organic farming, combined farming, conventional farming, and control plot. But stem number and dry weight of rice plant in organic farming decreased a little compared to those in conventional farming at the 65th day after transplanting. Rice yield decreased by 7% in organic farming and by 4% in combined farming compared to those of conventional farming. Weeding effect by inoculation of 5kg or 10kg of the top viviparous malleatuses per 10a was similarly 96% at the immediately inoculation after transplanting, 98.6% at the 7th days inoculation after transplanting and 70% at the 15th days inoculation after transplanting. By inoculation of 5kg per 10a at the 7th day and the 15th day after transplanting, rice yields decreased by 2% and 5%, respectively, compared to those of the conventional farming method. From the above results, it seems that the organic farming and the combined farming are useful and the inoculation of the top viviparous malleatuses is effective for control of weeds as the environmental preservation farming.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.55-70
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• 2009

The long-term effects and the soil environmental changes were examined to ensure the safety of food waste compost in agricultural use. Based on conventional nitrogen application rate of chemical fertilizer, Pig manure compost with $24g\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $8g\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$, and $10.4g\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$ and food waste compost with $20g\;N\;kg^{-1}$, $20.1g\;P_2O_5\;kg^{-1}$, and $6.5g\;K_2O\;kg^{-1}$ were applied to the paddy soil in $2{\times}2{\times}2m$ lysimeter in which paddy rice (Oryza sativa L. var Chucheong) were grown. The rice grown where food waste compost applied showed better growth responses than control, whereas less yield rate than chemical fertilizer applied. The contents of organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus after experiment were increased with compost applied. In addition, it improved soil aeration by the application of food waste compost, while little difference was observed in the quality of surface, infiltrated, and ground water compared to chemical fertilizer applied or control.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 1994

We have obtained following results by executing this experiment to define effects of organic substances applied and temperature on fungistatic effect which is regarded as basic factor of inhibition against hot-pepper blight affection : 1. Fungistatic effect of soil on Phytophthora capsici is enlarged by application of organic material such as rice straw rather than matured composts. Morever, it is confirmed that fungistatic efect is more eminent at the temperature of $15^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$ than at $30^{\circ}C$, Degree of fungistatic effect of soil tends to decrease as the goe on from the moment of using organic substance generally, in soil applied as the goes on from the moment of using organic substance generally, in soil applied rice straw it is prove that fungistatic effect is maintained stably in a long term. 2. Effect of applicating organic substances and treating by temperature on production of zoosporangium of Phytophthra capsici is reviewed. In case that sterilized soil solution is added on cultured hypae of Phytophthra capsici, increase in the production of zoosporangium is found which is statistically significant(at degree of 1%), while decrease effect statistically significant is found in case of adding soil solution used for applying bark compost. However, defferences between treatments of temperature is not found. On the other hand, when nonsterilized soil solution is added, significant defference between types of organic substance is not found, while significant difference is found between treatments of temperature, therefore formation of zoosporangium is increased at the condition of $5^{\circ}C$ comparing to that of $30^{\circ}C$. 3. Putting above result of examination concerning to composition of soil microrganisms in each treated soil and to fungistatic effect of them, it seems that fungi and bacteria in soil is mostly related to fungistatic activity of soil.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.86-94
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• 2004

The characteristics of food waste in our country is high contents of water and sodium chloride(NaCl). Average water contents of household garbage was 80.0%, and those of wastes of restaurants and of wholesale market of agricultural products was 76.9% and 90.0%, respectively. The NaCl contents were high in household garbage and restaurant's waste as 3.36% and 4.84%, respectively. The NaCl contents of food waste composts made by various techniques known upto now were under the level of 1% by fresh weight basis. But these techniques has some problem that is environment pollution from treated water and high equipment cost. The application to agricultural land of food waste compost that is not sufficiently removed NaCl was considered to be improper due to salt accumulation in soils and plant growth inhibition by salt stress. The purpose of this study is to decompose NaCl in food waste compost using triple salt and this method is differ from existing chemical method. Also, reaction of NaCl with triple salt produced KCl that is basic material of potassium fertilizer. The experiment results of growing lettuce produced difference between food waste compost and treated food waste compost with triple salt. The latter got more high sprouting ratio and a growth rate.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.371-376
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• 1982

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of sludges from leather and paper processing as sources of fertilizers on the rice. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. When 1,000kg of composts, 500kg of leather sludges and 500kg of leather sludge plus 100kg of $CaCO_3$, were applied per 10a, there were 7 to 10% of yield increase overthe non-treatment (check). When 1,000kg of paper sludge and 1,000kg of leather sludge plus 100kg of $CaCO_3$ were applied per 10a, there were 22 to 23% of yield increase over the check plot. 2. It was apparent that one of the reasons for increased yield. components such as number of spike and ripening ratio was due to the promotion of sludge decomposition by the $CaCO_3$. 3. The reason for the high ripening ratio and increased number of spike when paper sludge was applied might be due to the effects of high amount of nitrogen and phosphorous contained in paper sludge. 4. Effects of leather or paper sludges on the rice as organic fertilizer were highly appreciable, but further studies will be necessary for the effects of heavy minerals contained in the paper or leather sludges.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.246-251
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• 2006

Organic compost is a useful fertilizer for organic farming. However, it poses a microbiological hazard to the farm produce because most of the compose are originated from excrementitious matters of domestic animals. Irradiation was performed to improve microbiological safety of organic compost and the effectiveness of gamma-irradiation for inactivating Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli was investigated. Total aerobic bacteria and coliform bacteria in 16 produce or commercial compose were ranged from $10^5\;to\;10^7\;CFU/mL\;and\;0\;to\;10^3\;CFU/mL$, respectively. All coliform bacteria in the composts were eliminated by irradiation at 5 kGy, while about $10^2\;CFU/mL$ of total aerobic bacteria survived up to 10 kGy of irradiation. In the inoculation test the test organisms (inoculated at $10^7\;CFU/mL$) were eliminated by irradiation at 3 kGy. $D_{10}$ values of inoculated Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli in the compost were $0.4{\pm}0.05\;and\;0.39{\pm}0.03kGy$. It was considered that $3{\sim}5kGy$ of gamma irradiation was effective for radicidation (radiation sterilization of pathogenic microbes) of organic fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.508-513
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• 2000

In an attempt to evaluate the fertilizer of sediments obtained from coastal farming areas, chemical composition, bacteriological quality and heavy metals in the sediments alkalized by quicklime and magnesium hydroxide were analyzed. The optimum conditions of alkalization were also measured. A perfect reaction was possible by the addition of quicklime of $30{\%}$ at the rate of $25{\%}$ of sediment and $100{\%}$ of livestock wastes. According to the classification standard for compost constituent by Higgins, all composts had the intermediate or high grade in $T-N, K_2O,\;CaO\;and\;MgO$, but below the low grade in $P_2O_5$, Stabilization by quicklime and magnesium hydroxide has been known to inhibit bacterial decomposition of organic matter and activity of pathogenic organisms. In this study, raising pH of stabilized sediments to 12 for 2 hours (PSRP rriteria of EPA) allowed $99.9{\%}$ of coliform group, fecal group and viable cell count to be reduced. As a result, sediments of coastal farming areas are likely to be used to produce the organic fertilizer by alkaline stabilization.