• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.309-320
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• 2017

In this study, the antioxidative effects and component analysis of 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction obtained from Annona muricata leaf were investigated. Free radical scavenging activities were performed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, total antioxidant capacities were estimated using luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay and $^1O_2$ quenching effects were estimated. Free radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) of 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction were 45.6, 29.8 and $18.0{\mu}g/mL$, and total antioxidant capacities ($OSC_{50}$) were 4.4, 1.1 and $2.8{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. As a result of $^1O_2$ quenching experiment, ethyl acetate and aglycone fraction showed similar activities to L-ascorbic acid used as a comparative control. The cellular protective effects of 50% ethanol extract on the $^1O_2-induced$ cellular damage of human erythrocytes were exhibited at concentration-dependent ($5-50{\mu}g/mL$). TLC and HPLC were used to analyse components in the ethyl acetate fraction and aglycone fraction of Annona muricata leaf. In ethyl acetate fraction, rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside), kaempferol-3-O-neohesperidoside, nicotiflorin (kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside), p-coumaric acid were identified. In aglycone fraction, kaempferol was identified. These results suggest that the extracts of Annona muricata leaf have the applicability as antioxidant cosmeceutical ingredients.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1064-1069
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• 2017

This study compared the cytotoxic effect of extracts from four different sea bream species (Pagrus major, Acanthopagus schlegeli, Oplegnathus fasciatus, and Girella punctata) in human cancer cell lines. Cytotoxic activity against the growth of human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) and HT-29 human colon cancer cell lines was determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Treatment with acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts from the four sea bream species dose-dependently increased cytotoxicity against the growth of AGS and HT-29 cancer cells (p < 0.05). As shown by a cell viability assay, treatment with A+M and MeOH extracts from red sea bream (P. major) had the highest cytotoxic effect (p < 0.05) among the sea bream species. The IC50 values of an 85% aqueous methanol (85% aq. MeOH) fraction from red sea bream (P. major) against AGS and HT-29 cancer cells was 0.33 and 1.58 mg/ml, respectively, suggesting that the 85% aq. MeOH fraction had the highest cytotoxic effect among the fractions (p < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that four different sea bream species exhibited cytotoxic activity, as well as high-quality amino acids and fatty acids. Among the sea bream species, red sea bream (P. major) showed the greatest cytotoxic effect. The results could be used to improve nutrition information available to consumers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.713-720
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vegetable-related nutrition education for fourth grade elementary school students in Gyeongnam province. A comparative analysis of nutritional knowledge on vegetables, vegetable preferences, and vegetable intake in school foodservices were assessed between a control group and an experimental group. The control and experimental group contained 62 and 67 students, respectively, and the experimental group received nutritional education in four sessions (40 minutes each session) per week. A self-administered survey was conducted before and after this education, and 122 questionnaires (for 61 members of the experimental group and 61 members of control group) were analyzed. In the experimental group, there was a significant (p<0.001) increase in vegetable-related nutrition knowledge (form 5.02 to 6.10 out of a total score of 9), while there were no significant differences in the control group. Vegetable preference scores also significantly (p<0.001) increased (from 3.44 to 3.85 on the 5-point Likert scale) in experimental group, while there were no significant difference in control group. We also observed a significant (p<0.001) increase in vegetable intake from school foodservices (89.34% to 95.49%) in the experimental group, but there were no significant differences in the control group. In conclusion, a vegetable-related nutrition education for fourth grade elementary school students was effective at improving the nutritional knowledge of vegetables, vegetable preferences, and vegetable intake from school foodservices. Therefore, to encourage the vegetable-related right dietary habits, sustainable, and systematic nutrition education programs should be implemented for elementary students.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.808-817
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• 2013

This study was conducted to compare job satisfaction and factors related to job satisfaction between permanently and temporarily employed dietitians in school foodservices in the Gyeongsangnam-do area. A total of 204 questionnaires were used in the final analysis. The average age, length of employment, and monthly wage of temporarily employed dietitians was significantly lower than those of permanently employed dietitians. However, there was no significant difference of overall job satisfaction between permanently and temporarily employed dietitians, although the average pay, welfare benefits, and promotion factors for permanently employed dietitians was significantly higher. Work and pay factors had significant effects on the overall job satisfaction of permanently employed dietitians, while work factors and work atmosphere had significant effects on the overall job satisfaction of temporarily employed dietitians. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in overall factors related to job satisfaction between permanently employed dietitian and temporarily employed dietitians. The pay, welfare benefits, and promotion condition of temporarily employed dietitians should be improved to ensure the efficient management of the school foodservice workforce in the future.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.244-249
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• 2006

Purpose: Tumor size has been reported to be one of the prognostic factors in the preoperative setting and 8 cm has been confirmed as a cut-off value for large gastric tumors with respect to postoperative complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic features and the prognosis in patients with tumors larger than 8 cm in diameter. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied 2,260 patients with gastric cancer who underwent a gastrectomy from 1983 to 2001 at the Department of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine. For a comparative analysis we divided the cases into the large and the small groups according to tumor size. The clinicopathological factors associated with large gastric tumors were analyzed by using univariate and multivariate analyses. To determine which variables were independent prognostic factors for overall survival, we applied the Cox proportional hazards model and we used P<0.05 as the cutoff value for statistical significance. Results: Univariate and multivariate analyses disclosed that tumor location (P<0.001), resection type (P<0.001), curability (P<0.001), depth of invasion (P<0.001), number of metastatic lymph nodes (P<0.001), differentiation (P<0.001) and combined resection (P<0.001) were significantly different between the two groups. The independent factors for survival identified by using the Cox proportional hazards model for large gastric tumors were nodal status (P<0.001), curative resection (P<0.001), depth of invasion (P=0.010), type of resection (P=0.018) and age (P=0.033). Conclusion: Large gastric tumors showed more aggressive local findings than their smaller counterparts. In patients with large gastric tumors, a curative resection was the most important factor for the prognosis. Therefore, we suggest that every effort should be made to do a curative gastrectomy and an accurate preoperative examination. (J Korean Gastric Cancer Assoc 2006;6:244-249)

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 1999

Purpose: As mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) shows hypometabolism of medial and lateral temporal lobe, we investigated whether symmetric uptake of F-18-FDG in medial temporal lobes can differentiate mesial from lateral TLE. Materials and Methods: In 113 patients (83 mesial TLE, 30 lateral TLE) who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy and/or corticectomy with good surgical outcome, we performed F-18-FDG PET and compared F-18-FDG uptake of medial and lateral temporal lobes. All the patients with mesial TLE had hippocampal sclerosis except one congenital abnormal hippocampus. Patients with lateral TLE revealed cerebromalacia, microdysgenesis, arteriovenous malformation, old contusion, and cortical dysplasia. Results: Sensitivity of F-18-FDG PET and MR for mesial TLE was 84% (70/83) and 73% (61/83), respectively. Sensitivity of F-18-FDG PET and MR for lateral TLE was 90% (27/30) and 66% (20/30), respectively. Twelve patients were normal on F-18-FDG PET. 101 patients had hypometabotism of lateral temporal lobe. Among 88 patients who showed hypometabolism of medial temporal lobe as well as lateral temporal lobe, 70 were mesial TLE patients and 18 were lateral TLE on pathologic examination. Positive predictive value of medial temporal hypometabolism for mesial TLE was 80%. Among 13 patients who showed hypometabolism of only lateral temporal lobe, 4 were mesial TLE and 9 were lateral TLE. Positive predictive value of hypometabolism of lateral temporal lobe for the diagnosis of lateral TLE was 69% (9/13). Normal MR findings stood against medial TLE, whose negative predictive value was 66%. Conclusion: Lateral temporal lobe epilepsy should be suspected when there is decreased F-18-FDG uptake in lateral temporal lobe with normal uptake in medial temporal lobe.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.82-86
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various solvents on extraction of bioactive phenolics and to analyze the antioxidant capacity and contents of individual catechins in various grades of green teas organically grown in Boseong, Korea. The organic green teas, based on their harvest seasons, were categorized into five grades such as Woo-Jeon, Se-Jak, Jung-Jak, Dae-Jak, and coarse tea. Solvents used to extract phenolics from these teas included water at $23^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$ as well as 80% (v/v) aqueous methanol and ethanol. In general, aqueous organic solvents of methanol and ethanol led to higher extraction yields of phenolics than water at $23^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$. Total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of the teas extracted with the aqueous organic solvents were approximately 1.5 to 3.2 and 1.8 to 3.8 times higher than those with water at $23^{\circ}C$ and $70^{\circ}C$, respectively. Coarse tea, the lowest grade of green tea, showed approximately 30-60% lower total phenolics and antioxidant capacity compared with the higher grade ones. Reversed-phase HPLC analysis was performed quantitatively to identify individual catechins, gallic acid, and caffeine in teas extracted with 80% (v/v) aqueous methanol. Based on their dry weights, the organic green teas contained about 1.7 to 2.9% of caffeine. Content (mg/g dry weight) of tea catechins decreased in the following order: Woo-Jeon (155.4) > Se-Jak (147.7) > Jung-Jak (143.2) > coarse tea (135.1) > Dae-Jak (130.5). (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate was the most abundant among the catechins analyzed. The highest grade of green tea, Woo-Jeon, had the highest amount of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate at 77.4 mg/g dry weight. Overall, the higher grade of organic green teas tended to have the higher level of antioxidant capacity and catechins.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.395-403
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate the activities of phytochemical and bioactive components from 24 new varieties of red pepper obtained by crossbreeding different Korean red pepper lines. The ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) color values ranged from 116.69 to 249.83 and the total carotenoid content ranged from 3.19 to 6.11 mg/g dried red pepper. The free sugar content ranged from 43.41 to 199.54 mg/g, and the fructose content was found to be higher than the glucose content. The ascorbic acid, total polyphenol, and flavonoid contents were found to be 8.08-11.53 mg/g, 7.93-14.26 mg gallic acid/g, and 4.24-10.07 mg quercetin/g dried pepper, respectively. Overall, the total polyphenol contents of the new varieties were found to be higher than the average content of Korean red peppers. The total capsaicinoid content in the new varieties varied widely from 0.42 to 237.87 mg/100 g dried pepper. The pepper-methanol extract antioxidant activities of 'variety 2, 4, 8, 9' were higher than others. A high correlation was observed between the antioxidant activities and the polyphenol contents (r=0.804, r=0.701).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.29-38
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• 2010

A moat is a pond or waterway paved on the outside of a fortress that is one of the facilities to prevent enemy from approaching the fortress wall or classify it as the boundary space, and this study was undertaken to find out the characteristics of the moat that was existed in the East and the West from ancient time to medieval time with the following result. First, the moat in the East was installed of natural moat and artificial moat at the same time while the moat in the West had the fortress built in naturally advantageous site to use natural most substantially more. Second, the moats of Korea were smaller in scale compared to other countries (Japan, China and the Western countries). Third, the fortresses in the East were built to protect towns or royal palace while the West had the fortress to protect the residence of kings, lords, great wealthy persons and the like, and they were used jointly with the natural moat and artificial moat to defend against the infiltration of enemy. Fourth, the Pungsujiri in the Orient is one of the numerous ideologies forming the supplementary ideologic system of Korean people that could not be denied as the perception that influences on Korean people after the Silla Dynasty, and this Pungsujiri was considered when determining the location of the castle. The moat surrounding the castle had the role to keep the good energy in the castle from escaping away. Fifth, the Ha-Ha technique in the west was designed to prevent the external power from infiltration by digging the ditch on the place applicable to the boundary of the garden site, rather than the fence. While walking around along the water-side path without knowing the existence of this ditch, when the road is discovered with the cut off in the ditch, people had the exclamation without actually recognizing such astonishment. It was originally the dike for military purpose during the medieval time that was designed to look into the garden without physical boundary surrounded with the vertical fence in the garden that by having the deep ditch like shape on the boundary line of the garden which was designed to form the farm by preventing various types of cattle from coming inside the garden and bring in the garden element for farms, forestry, agricultural land and the like.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.221-230
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• 2004

Design textbooks for general education bring our attention to the education of design as a part of whole education. In this vein, this thesis tried to analyze and discuss on the current status of design education contents included in the 7th educational curriculum of the Art & Life. This study had a historical review of the contents of arts education as well as a review of theoretical contents in art education. Also this thesis analyzed five types of Art & Life text books currently used at high schools with weight given to the design and to the status of pictorial coverage in the text books. Finally, the thesis presented problems of design education through a comparative analysis of high school arts education and design education. Through the analysis, inequality of design contents in education was reported. It was clearly attributable to the backgrounds of text book writers. For example, authors with graphic design backgrounds tended to lack product and environment design concepts, while hand craft section of text books all showed a biased contents towards traditional Korean arts. In the analysis of pictorial coverage, similar to the composition of academic contents, coverage was concentrated in the graphic design areas; inequality in quantity of pictures found with a ratio of 1 to 4. In terms of areas of arts, design contents in text books were concentrated only in arts creation chapters among the 3 major areas of arts appreciation, understanding, and creation. Design education is attained in an atmosphere of creativity and the provision of ample teaching material. It is because diverse contents will generate the development of arts. When compared to design education curriculum of U.S. and Japan, these creativity put their focus of design education in the understanding and emotional contacts, so that every application is easily attained. In terms of expression learning, creativity and diversity of material are emphasized. From Kindergarten to middle, and high school periods, apparently the care contents of deign is emphasized. A textbook in the 7th education curriculum is one of the sources for education. In designing text books, learning process should be emphasized following subjects and natures of arts so that creativity can be achieved. Therefore, a systematic approach for design research and educational development for material would be needed in textbook design.